<div><strong>Background:</strong> The topographic and morphometric anatomy of various foramina provides an easy approach in performing nerve blocks by their proper tracking for regional anesthesia in surgical interventions. There is no previously reported information on the applied anatomy and clinical significance of the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the Indian mithun. The present study was designed to provide important clinical landmarks related to tracking of the infraorbital, mental and mandibular nerves with its clinical significance in regional anesthesia in mithun.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted on the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of twelve (n=12) adult Indian mithun of either sex (n=6, male and n=6, female). The head region samples of naturally died mithun were collected from different parts of the Mizoram and Nagaland state of India and processed as per the standard maceration technique. Altogether, a total of twelve measurements were taken in the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of mithun by using a digital vernier caliper and the results were expressed as mean&plusmn;standard deviation. The obtained parameters from the present study can be useful for an extraoral and intraoral approach for nerve block of the infraorbital, mental and mandibular nerve in the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of mithun.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The present study revealed that all the obtained parameters related to regional anesthesia showed a significant statistical difference (P&lt;0.01** and P&lt;0.05*) between the males and females of mithun. It can be concluded from the present study that the various applied parameters of the present study will aid the clinicians in the implication of regional anesthesia in the head region of mithun.</div>


<div>Applied Anatomy of the Maxillofacial and Mandibular Regions of Indian Mithun (<em>Bos frontalis</em>) and its Clinical Significance in Regional Anesthesia</div>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> Growth factors are active substances secreted by a variety of cells, acting as messengers to regulate cell migration, proliferation or differentiation, which had important regulatory roles in the growth of individual cells, tissues or organs. Growth factors can regulate the proliferation and differentiation ability of cells, which keep the internal environment stable and affect the body size.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> In order to investigate the influence of the changes of growth factors contents on body size in <em>Eothenomys miletus</em> from Hengduan mountain regions, <em>E. miletus</em> in Dali (DL), Jianchuan (JC), Lijiang (LJ), Xianggelila (XGLL) and Deqin (DQ) were collected and their 7 morphological indicators and 9 growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), growth hormone release inhibitory factor (GRIF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transcription elongation factor1 (TCEA1), a disintegrin and metalloprotease17 (ADAM7), branched-chain amino acid transaminase1 (BCAT1), high mobility group protein1 (HMG1) were measured.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The results showed that body size of <em>E. miletus</em> among five regions had significant differentiated, body mass, body length, forelimb length, hind limb length, tail length, IGF, bFGF, EGF, PDGF, TCEA1 contents in DL, JC and LJ were greater than those of in XGLL and DQ and the contents of GRIF, ADAM7, BCAT1 and HMG1 were also different, decreasing with the increasing of regional latitude. Moreover, the increases in the contents of growth factors lead to the increase of body size in <em>E. miletus</em>, which does not support Bergman&#39;s law. Regional differences in body size of <em>E. miletus</em> in different regions may be related to the changes in body mass, morphological indicators and the content of growth factors. Moreover, growth factors may affect the body size of E. miletus by affecting the proliferation of bone, epidermis, muscle and differentiation of cells.</p>


<p>Body Size Effect in <em>Eothenomys miletus</em> of Different Regions from Hengduan Mountain Regions: Roles of Growth Factor Contents</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">The Bundelkhand is a major pulses growing region of India. The livelihood of farm households in the region dependent on the agriculture and particularly on pulses as one of the major cultivated crop. The Bundelkhand region comprises of 13 districts which includes 7 districts from Uttar Pradesh and 6 districts from Madhya Pradesh. The major growing pulse crops are pigeonpea, urdbean, and mungbean cultivated during kharif and chickpea, field pea and lentil in rabi season. The study was conducted among 650 farmers to know the extent of adoption of improved pulse production practices and constraints perceived by the farmers in cultivation of the pulses in Bundelkhand region. The study revealed that all the sampled farmers of Hamirpur district were using improved seed of pulses whereas fertilize was applied by all the sampled farmers of Chitrakut district. The plant protection measures used by all the selected farmers of Chitrakut, Jalaun and Mahoba districts. In Madhya Pradesh, about 90% selected farmers of Sagar and Tikamgarh district were using improved seed of pulses, application of DAP and pest management done by all the farmers. About 70% farmers of Jhansi and Mahoba district farmers faced the problem of &nbsp;assess to quality seed while 70 % sampled farmers of Madhya Pradesh reported lack of knowledge about quality seed, non availability of fertilizers in Tikamgarh district, problem in lentil crop. Problem of weed management reported by 60-80% of sampled farmers from all the district of M. P. Thus it can be concluded that assess to quality seed, insect damage loss and menance of blue bull were the major constraints adversely impacted &nbsp;the pulse production in Bundhelkhand region.</div>

Multidimensional study of pulse production in Bundelkhand region of India

<p style="text-align: justify;">Farmers in India have been using traditional health care practices in dairy farming since time immemorial. Present paper is an attempt to review the Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) practised and documented across five regions in India viz., North, South, East, West and North East regions to understand the prevalence of ITKs and its dynamics of usage across the country. Cross regional analysis of location specificity of different ITKs, similarities and variation in ingredients usage and researchable issues in ITKs would help in further promoting its widespread usage. Large inter-regional variation in the ITK usage warrants a scope to popularize the validated ITKs among the dairy farmers of other regions where these are not being practised. Concerted research efforts are required in treatment of the important diseases like mastitis which causes heavy economical losses to the farmers, whereas the ITKs may be refined in the form of user friendly package for ultimate solution to the diseases.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Cross-regional analysis on usage of Indigenous Technical Knowledge&nbsp;in dairy farming&nbsp;</p>


<div>The hot arid regions in India is spread in an area of 31.7 m ha, majority area being in Rajasthan (61%). The great Indian <em>Thar</em> desert is also located in this region. This region receives vary low rain fall with erratic distribution. Presence of harsh climatic condition such as high evapotranspiration, low relative humidity, with high aridity index and high wind velocity are other disadvantages. The soils are also light textured, less fertile, and prone to wind erosion. About 90 per cent of the area is dependent on monsoon rain for growing of annual crops which often fails due to insufficient rain or improper distribution. Despite these limitations, the region has good floral and faunal diversity that supports high human and livestock population. Many drought hardy perennial fruits and vegetables are grown with annual crops to complement farm income. Certain fruit crops like pomegranate (<em>Punica granatum</em>), Indian jujube (<em>Ziziphus mauritiana </em>Lam.), aonla (<em>Emblica officinalis</em>), date palm (<em>Phoenix dactylifera</em>) and <em>Citrus</em> species are grown commercially in irrigated areas. Many underutilized fruit crops also grow naturally or are cultivated. These include <em>kair </em>(<em>Capparis decidua</em>),<em> lasora (Cordia myxa) jhar ber (Ziziphus nummularia), bordi (Ziziphus rotundifolia) pilu (Salvadora oleoides),</em> khejri (<em>Prosopis cineraria</em>), phalsa (<em>Grewia subinaequalis</em>), Bengal quince (<em>Aegle marmelos</em>), karonda (<em>Carissa carandas</em>), prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica), <em>kachri </em>(<em>Cucumis melo</em> var. <em>callosus</em>) and snap melon (<em>Cucumis melo</em> var. <em>momordica</em>) <em>etc</em>. Most of these species are drought hardy with less incidence of pests and diseases yet give good yield despite environmental constraints. They serve as a source of nutrition for rural people being rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fibres and other bioactive compounds. Germplasm collection, evaluation, conservation, ethnomedicinal values, improvement, propagation, agrotechniques, post-harvest management, value addition and future prospects of some of these crops are discussed in the paper.</div>


<div>Underutilized Fruits and Vegetables in Hot Arid Regions of India: Status and Prospects: A Review</div>


<p><span style="background-color:rgb(252, 252, 252); color:rgb(96, 96, 96); font-family:open sans; font-size:15px">Oilseed sector occupies an important place in Indian economy but oilseed crops are cultivated in high risky regions where there are uncertainties on production level, leads to wider fluctuation in arrivals of these crops in the markets which ultimately contribute to price instability. Therefore present study was carried out to know the arrivals and prices fluctuation in oilseed crops over time. Soybean and safflower, which are important oilseed crops of the region, were selected for the study. Monthly time series data for sixteen major markets from eight district of Marathwada region were collected and analyzed for the period of twenty years from 1991-92 to 2009-10. Mean, coefficient of variation and seasonal indices (Ratio to moving average method) were worked out. Results showed that, arrivals and prices of oilseed crops i.e. soybean and safflower in all selected markets of Marathwada region of Maharashtra were seasonal. Peak arrivals of soybean and safflower were observed during October to December and March to May, respectively. The price index of soybean and safflower was highest in the month of December and June with modest coefficient of variation value of 29 per cent and 19 per cent, respectively. Maximum arrivals and price of soybean were observed in Latur market. Whereas maximum arrival of safflower was observed in Latur market but maximum prices prevailed in Aurangabad market.</span></p>


<p>Seasonality and volatility in arrivals and prices of oilseeds in Marathwada region of Maharashtra state, India</p>


<div>The present work has been made an attempt to delineate the agricultural regions in the Chamarajangara district with using of 2016-17 period data. It gives information about share of net sown area, different combinations of crop growing regions, crop concentration regions and crop diversification of the study region. The entire study is based on secondary data which all collected from Government departments of Chamarajanagara district. Chamarajanagara District is the southern-most district in the state of Karnataka. Chamarajanagara district is consisting of 4 taluks namely Chamarajanagara, Gundlupet, Kollegala and Yelandur. There are eleven crops were taken to delineate the agricultural regions in the study area. They are namely jowar, food grains, paddy, pulses, oilseed, ragi, maize, fruits, vegetables, cotton and sugarcane. Weaver&rsquo;s method, Bhatia&rsquo;s method, Gibbs and Martin index method has been used for this study. In the district five, six and eleven crops combinations can be seen among the four taluks. Five crops were cultivated in Yalandurtaluk, six crops cultivated in Gundlupet and Kollegaltaluk, eleven crops cultivated in Chamarajanagarataluk. Crop diversification has been varied from one region to another. The advantage of this present study helps to do better plan in the agriculture sector and helps to understand the situation of all the taluks.</div>


<p>A Geographical Analysis of Agricultural Regionalization using of Geographical Information System: A Case Study of Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka State</p>


<div>Bundelkhand region of India is primarily agrarian, vulnerable to natural calamities with low levels of industrialization and urbanization. Poor crop productivity, declining and irregular rainfall pattern and poor income levels make livelihood uncertain in the region. Pulse crops assume a special significance to the farm economy in Bundelkhand region as well as daily diets of local habitants. Chickpea, lentil, field pea, urdbean, mungbean and pigeon pea are the major pulse crops cultivated in the region. Data from Department of economics and statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, New Delhi and the studies on pulses development of Bundelkhand region of India were analyzed. Pulses account for 32% of total agriculture produce and occupy about 33.6% of gross cropped area in the region. However, decline in area coverage of pulses has been observed in the region, in contrast to overall increase in gross cropped area in the region. The paper discusses about the various challenges confronting pulses cultivation in the region along with the possible intervention points for bringing out an enhanced pulse production.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Status and Strategies for Development of Pulses in Bundelkhand Region of India: A Review</div>


<p>The millets are climate resilient, most efficient in use of water, adopted to grown in marginal and sub marginal area, suitably grown in hilly and rainfed area, nutrient dense and having low carbon and water footprint. Considering their significance in present context of agriculture, it is important to know about their region-specific cultivation practices and intervention in it. The North East Hill (NEH) region is known for its diversity in terms of soil and climatic condition as well as crop and plant diversity. The marginal and sub-marginal area with different slope, topography and soil related constraints for production, the millets will be one of the important options for arable crop cultivation. The production practices followed by the farmers and recommended practices were highly diverse due to different agro-climatic condition. At the same time, in several locations production practices were even not developed due to cultivation on very less area with less economic impact at regional or state agriculture. Hence it is informative and knowledge impacting exercise to review the production practices followed and interventions made at institutional and stakeholders level for millets cultivation in NEH region. The present review summarizes the interventions in production practices such as seed and sowing requirement, nutrient, water and weed management as well as insect-pest and disease management in context of NEH region. Besides that, interventions from NEH region at post-harvest and value addition were also discussed in this review. The cost effective and high enumerative interventions in production processes such as substitution of low yielding upland rice cultivation partly or completely with millets, transplanting, fertilization, micronutrient foliar feeding, use of herbicide for weed management and promotion/ up gradation of millets cultivation in new areas (North-East Hill region) are important at production level. The interventions at policy level such as promotion for incorporation of millets in public distribution system, inclusion of millets in school age children diet and different schemes related with supply of nutritious food to children and adolescence are important for NEH region. Increase in diversity of product prepared from millets, initiation of organic seed production of millets, exploring export potential of traditional products prepared from millets to different domestic and international market are important interventions at policy level. At research level, the standardization of production practices for different states in NEH region was initiated and need to be further emphasized rather than using recommendation as it is from other part of India.</p>


<p>Millet Cultivation in North-east Hill Region of India: A Review</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Present study on determining the region of origin of raw materials, the authenticity of organic food products is relevant. The determination of the natural content of stable isotopes are not able to answer these questions. The solution can be obtained by studying the ratios and fractionation of stable isotopes, which provide information on the transformations of chemical elements in biological, ecological and geochemical studies.</div>

<div><br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>During 2020-2021 obtained data on the content of magnesium isotopes in apple fruits of 14 varieties from three growing regions of the Russian Federation. Previously, over 10 years, a database was formed of more than 500 samples on the level of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen cations, depending on the variety and phase of fruit development.&nbsp;</div>

<div><br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Research presents the results of determining the natural content of stable magnesium isotopes in apples, the isotopic composition and their fixation, depending on different regions of the growth of raw materials. The isotopic composition of apples (<sup>26</sup>Mg/<sup>24</sup>Mg) varies from 0.1669047 to 0.1782649; the deviation of the magnesium isotopic composition from the conventional standard varies within 25.52-43.52; their chemical fractionation has value: in Central Zone of Russia-185.2-212.3; South of Russia-248.0-311.5; North Caucasus-182.7-214.8.</div>


Applied Anatomy of the Maxillofacial and Mandibular Regions of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis) and its Clinical Significance in Regional Anesthesia

Body Size Effect in Eothenomys miletus of Different Regions from Hengduan Mountain Regions: Roles of Growth Factor Contents

Multidimensional study of pulse production in Bundelkhand region of India

Cross-regional analysis on usage of Indigenous Technical Knowledge in dairy farming

Underutilized Fruits and Vegetables in Hot Arid Regions of India: Status and Prospects: A Review

Seasonality and volatility in arrivals and prices of oilseeds in Marathwada region of Maharashtra state, India

A Geographical Analysis of Agricultural Regionalization using of Geographical Information System: A Case Study of Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka State

Status and Strategies for Development of Pulses in Bundelkhand Region of India: A Review

Millet Cultivation in North-east Hill Region of India: A Review

Isotopic Composition and Fractionation of Stable Magnesium Isotopes in Relation to Fruits Growing in Different Regions of Russia