Background: This study was conducted to generate fundamental information on the anatomical structure of normal reproductive organs and to establish baseline measurements for the normal dimensions of various segments of the genital tract in non-descript female goats of Mizoram. 
 
Methods: The reproductive behaviour of non-descript local female goats of Mizoram was investigated at private farms in Aizawl district and nearby areas, where a total of 20 female goats were selected for the study. Samples were obtained from twenty female non-descript local goats slaughtered at four selected abattoirs located in Aizawl district of Mizoram. Adult non-gravid female goats were used as the source of specimens. Measurements of the collected reproductive organs were performed using a metric ruler, thin flexible graduated steel tape, weighing equipment, a dissection tray and protective gloves. 
 
Result: The oestrus behavioral signs like restlessness, standing, frequent bleating, tail wagging and frequent urination and physiological signs like vulvar swelling, vulvar reddening and cervico-vaginal discharge were observed visually in 100% of animals with other peri-oestral parameters like oestrus duration was recorded as 46.83 &plusmn; 3.17 hours. The average vulvar length was recorded as 2.51&plusmn;0.03 cm, whereas the mean vaginal length was 6.96&plusmn;0.11 cm. The cervical measurements showed a mean length of 2.88&plusmn;0.13 cm and width of 1.61&plusmn;0.05 cm. The uterine body exhibited an average length of 2.7&plusmn;0.03 cm and width of 2.55&plusmn;0.10 cm. The uterine horn measured 13.69&plusmn;0.53 cm in length and 2.80&plusmn;0.42 cm in breadth. The mean number of caruncles observed in the uterine horn was 57.5&plusmn;1.20. The average non-gravid uterine volume was 22.5 ml. The oviduct was 10.42&plusmn;0.41 cm long on average. The ovaries of adult goats were almond shaped. The present investigation revealed that the right ovary of non-descript female goats of Mizoram was significantly broader, longer and heavier than the left ovary, indicating greater functional activity of the right ovary. Furthermore, these findings provide baseline morphometric data for the different segments of the female reproductive tract in non-descript local goats of Mizoram. 
&nbsp;

Reproductive Behaviour and Biometry of Female Genitalia of Non-descript Female Goat of Mizoram

<div style="text-align: justify;">Most of the agricultural operations in India are performed manually with hand tools and equipment by female agricultural workers. This prompted designers to use female anthropometric data in designing of farm equipment and workplaces in order to reduce drudgery, to enhance safety, to improve performance, productivity and efficiency. A study was conducted to collect the anthropometric data of selected 30 female agricultural workers in the age group of 22-54 years from Madhya Pradesh state. For design of agricultural tools, equipment and workplaces the important, thirty eight body dimensions including weight were identified and measured. The values of mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum, maximum, coefficient of variation (CV) and 1st, 5th, 50th, 95th and 99th percentile values were calculated of selected body dimensions. The mean weight and stature of female agricultural workers were found to be 53 kg and 1536 mm, respectively. A large variation in anthropometric dimensions in the anthropometric data of female farm workers of different states of India and other countries was observed. Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) were calculated among selected anthropometric dimensions of subjects. The correlation coefficients of measured data varied from 0.65-0.98.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Anthropometry of Female Agricultural Workers of Madhya Pradesh</div>

<div>Phytochemicals present in the plants are divided into primary (Alcohol Amino acids, nucleotides. etc) and secondary metabolites (Alkaloids, Saponins etc.). Carotenoids (reduces reactive oxygen species formation, decreases apoptotic cells, restoration of actin capping expression proteins etc.), Phenolics (inhibits extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling pathway), Isoflavones (inhibits tyrosine kinase pathway) and alkaloids (downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha messengers) are the major phytochemicals, having the potential effects towards ovarian function. Likewise, bioactive compounds are the chemicals that can interact with certain components of live tissue to exert their various effects (antioxidant, antineoplastic, receptor inhibition, gene expression etc.) respective to female fertility. Similarly, bioactive compounds: Kaempferol [phosphatidylinositol -3- kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway], Quercetin (controlling the release of 17&beta;-estradiol etc.), Myricetin (PI3K/Akt and MAPK signalling pathway), Galngin (inhibition of angiogenesis via decreasing the VEGF and p-Akt) and Resveratrol (regulation of Foxo3a and SIRT1 genes etc.) shows its effects by targeting different molecules and/or pathways at the ovarian microenvironment. However, Genistein (binding to estrogen receptors: ESR&alpha; and ESR&beta; etc.) and Diadzein (disrupting the endocrines etc.) emphatically interfere with the ovarian functions. Besides this, molecular effects exerted by these phyto-bioactive compounds on the in vivo and/or in vitro ovarian culture systems entirely depend on their dosage: Kaempferol @10 &mu;M increased the primordial follicle activation, Quercetin @4 &micro;M improved the quality of oocytes whereas @8 &micro;M reduced the quality), Resveratrol @ 2 &micro;M increased the blastocyst formation, Myricetin @ 100 mg/kg/day feeding in rats induced estrogenic activity, Genistein, feeding in female mice @ 500 and 1000 ppm increased the gestation time and Diazdein causes the inhibition of 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase at 40 &micro;M doses. The assessment was done via the systemic collection of literature from sources such as news papers, conference papers, journals, theory and dissertation articles, electronic databases, manuals, encyclopedia and annual reviews, as well as e-books and reporting. As a result, the preceding discussion focuses on the key phyto-bioactive compounds and their molecular targets in female fertility. This will aid in the successful and secure application of plant bioactive compounds in the field of female reproductive health.</div>

<div>Molecular Targets of Phyto-bioactive Compounds in Female Reproductive System of Mammals: A Review</div>

Quinalphos is a toxic organophosphate pesticide having a wide applicability to control pests in a number of vegetable crops like ladyfinger, brinjal, cauliflower etc. due to its good penetrative properties and long residual action in animals. The present investigation was carried out to determine its toxic effects on reproduction in &nbsp;the female albino rats. Technical quinalphos (2 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to female albino rats for 15 and 30 days respectively. The weight of ovary decreased significantly in 30 day treated group. In the same group the corpus luteum also decreased significantly. The histologic observations of the ovary revealed the presence of less number of healthy follicles and more number of atretic follicles. There was a non significant decrease in the surface follicles and corpus luteum of treated rats. Gross morphology of uterus had shown significant increase in epithelial cell height and changes in lumen length even. There was a decline in the number of uterine glands with decreased thickness of myometrium. Hence quinalphos at dose concentration of 2mg/kg body weight is toxic for female reproduction.

Reproductive toxicity of quinalphos on female albino rats:&nbsp;Effects on ovary and uterus

<div>Background: A gender-based histomorphochemical study of the goat liver is important because male and female animals exhibit differences in metabolic activity influenced by hormones. Understanding these variations helps in accurate diagnosis, treatment and nutritional management of these animals. It will also provide baseline data to understand different physiological processes and disease susceptibility. Some Gender-based differences in enzyme localization in male and female livers of human have been reported but data on gender based morphological differences in liver and hepatic heterogeneity in domestic animals is scarce, which prompted this present study. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on livers of 6 male and 6 female goats of Beetal breed, collected from slaughter house. The animals were in age range of 20 to 24 months, with body weights ranging between 35-40 kg and liver weighing between 300-325 g. The tissues from each lobe were collected and processed for paraffin sectioning. The sections were stained with different histomorphological stains. The paraffin sections were also incubated for immuno expression of Vimentin, PCNA and CD 68. 
 
Result: It was concluded from study that the size and number of hepatocytes did not vary significantly (p&gt;0.05) among different lobes and between male and female. The number of binucleated hepatocytes was significantly (p&lt;0.05) more in periportal area than perivenous region in all the lobes and also the number of binucleated cells was significantly (p&lt;0.05) more in females as compared to males which might be suggestive of more regenerative power in females. The number of Kupffer cells was significantly (p&lt;0.05) more in females as compared to males which might be due to better immune response in females. Also the number of Ito cells was significantly (p&lt;0.05) more in females as compared to males which might be suggestive ofmore accumulation of fat in the liver of female goats. 
&nbsp;</div>

A Comparative Histomorphochemical Study on the Liver of Male and Female Beetal Goats

<div style="text-align: justify;">Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide and has been extensively used as a crop pest and pet flea control programme. In the present study, the effects of imidacloprid on kidney tissue were analyzed in adult female Wistar rats at two dose levels (19 and 38 mg/kg/day) administered orally for 10, 20 and 30 days. Effects were compared with respective control animals administered daily with 2% gum acacia. Different parameters undertaken were kidney weight, levels of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, oxidative stress parameters viz. activities of SOD, GPx and levels of GSH and MDA and histopathological changes. Imidacloprid at 38 mg/kg dose administered orally for 20 and 30 days significantly increased organ weight and levels of MDA. The activities of enzymes SOD and GPx and levels of GSH were decreased significantly at 38 mg/kg dose administered daily for 30 days. There was significant decrease observed in levels of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins at 38 mg/kg dose administered orally for 20 and 30 days. Histopathological changes in kidney at 38 mg/kg dose in 20 and 30 days group. Therefore, it is concluded that imidacloprid has generated oxidative stress in kidney at 38 mg/kg dose administered orally for 20 and 30 days in adult female Wistar rats.&nbsp;</div>

Sub-acute oxidant and histopathological effects of imidacloprid on kidney of adult female Wistar rats

Background: Women are exposed to Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) during hair dyeing in a variety of Arab nations, PPD may damage internal organs and result in death. The current study intends to assess the histological and physiological studies on female albino rats treated with Paraphenylenediamine. 
 
Methods: 24 females rats were used in the study and divided into four groups each with 6 rats: group1: control female group, rats will be treated, orally with distilled water for 8 weeks, group 2 treated female group, rats will receive 10 mg/kg B.W of PPD in 1 ml distilled water once daily for 8 weeks by oral gavage, group 3: withdrawal control female group, rats receive distilled water for 8 weeks and left untreated for two weeks after stopping treatment, group 4: withdrawal treated female group, rats will receive 10 mg/kg B.W of PPD for 8weeks and left untreated for two weeks after stopping treatment. 
 
Result: It was observed on microscopic examination that orally applied PPD solution affects histology of rat ovary marker reduction in ovarian follicle numbers and degeneration of interstitial cells and some follicles, with observable modifications in physiological processes in hormones, In the treated female group, the serum levels of progesterone, estrogen and FSH hormones significantly increased when compared with the control female group. It was concluded from the results that orally applied PPD solution induces histomorphology and physiological changes in the ovary of rats with 10 mg/kg dose. 
&nbsp;

Histological and Physiological Studies on Adult Female Albino Rats Treated with Paraphenylenediamine

<div>Background: This study aimed to identify different bacterial isolates incriminated in subclinical endometritis (SCE) in female dromedary using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and to evaluate the efficacy of two protocols to treat this condition.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Subclinical endometritis was detected in 211 dromedaries using cytological examinations. Two hundred twenty-six microbial isolates were obtained from 185 samples. SCE-females were arbitrarily allocated into two groups; group I received intrauterine infusion of 500 mg cephapirin benzathine (MTC, n=42) and group II infused with intrauterine flushing of povidone iodine 10% (PVP-I, n=67).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The MALDI-TOF MS was able to identify 224/226 (99.1%) bacterial isolates to the genus level and 181/226 (80.1%) were identified to the species level. The most common identified bacterial species were Staphylococcus aureus (32.74%), Corynebacterium sp. (19.03%) and Escherichia coli (18.58). Conception rate did not differ between MTC- and PVP-I-treated groups. However, the first service-conception was higher, numbers of services per conception were fewer and treatment to conception interval was shorter in the MTC than PVP-I group. Based on the present data, it can be concluded that MALDI-TOF is efficient, fast and reliable for the detection and identification of various bacterial agents incriminated in subclinical endometritis in female dromedary. Fertility indices in treated female dromedaries associated with subclinical endometritis favors the use of intrauterine infusion of cephapirin benzathine therapy in the present study.&nbsp;</div>

The Use of Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of the Bacterial Agents Involved in Subclinical Endometritis in Female Dromedary

Background: Oocyte and follicular fluid recovery and evaluation are a crucial step in assisted reproductive technologies. The aims of the current study were to evaluate the ovarian tissues and their resulting oocytes and follicular fluid of Awassi female lambs and ewes in subtropics of Saudi Arabia.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Thirty reproductive systems of female lambs in addition to forty reproductive systems of ewes of follicular and luteal phases were collected. The ovarian tissues were evaluated through ovarian follicle numbers, oocytes recovery in addition to determination of follicular fluid (FF) metabolites. The ovarian follicles were categorized into small (&lt; 3 mm), medium (3-5 mm) and large follicles (&gt;5 mm). The medium and large ovarian follicles were aspirated for FF collection and oocytes recovery. The FF concentrations of total protein (g/dl), urea (mg/dl), glucose (mg/dl), total cholesterol (mg/dl) and triglycerides (mg/dl) were determined.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The weight of reproductive system and ovary were increased of ewes compared to female lambs.&nbsp; The number of small follicles was not differed among groups whereas the numbers of medium and large follicles increase in ewes groups. The highest number of medium follicles was found in ewes of follicular phase compared to other groups. Although the percentage of oocyte recovery increased in ewes compared to female&nbsp;lambs, the oocytes quality was not differed among groups. The total protein values were high (P&lt;0.05) in FF of ewes compared to that of female lambs. On the other, the values of urea and triglycerides were low (P&lt;0.05) in FF of ewes compared to FF of female lambs. Moreover, the values of total protein, urea and triglycerides were comparable in FF of ewes during follicular or luteal phase. Additionally, there is slight increase of glucose and slight decrease of total cholesterol values in FF of ewes compared to FF of female lambs. In conclusion, follicles of ovarian tissues, oocyte recovery and quality and follicular fluid biochemistry of female lambs and ewes showed differences. The recovered oocytes and FF are available for assisted reproductive techniques.

Morphological Characteristics of Ovarian Tissues and Follicular Fluid Metabolites of Female Lambs and Ewes in Subtropics

<div>Background: The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is widely distributed in the coastal and coastal water of China and has important economic values. Salinity is the key environmental factor affecting the mating and spawning of E.sinensis. During the mating and spawning of E. sinensis, the hormone changes in the body are usually accompanied, but there is no report about the effects of salinity on related hormones in the process of breeding of E. sinensis. 
 
Methods: Mating salinity including 0&permil;, 2&permil;, 4&permil;, 6&permil; and spawning salinity such as 3&permil;, 6&permil;, 9&permil;, 12&permil;, 15&permil;, 18&permil;, 21&permil; were set up, three parallel groups are set for each salinity, 10 female and 5 male crabs are put in each tank. 5 samples were gathered to analyze the contents of 17&alpha;,20&beta;-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one (DHP), Gonadotropin (GTH), Prostaglandins (PG), Estradiol-17&beta; (E2) and Testosterone (T) in the hemolymph of female E. sinensis after mating and spawning.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The contents of DHP, E2, PG and T in female crabs hemolymph decreased first and then added with the increase of salinity before spawning. DHP, PG and E2 added first and then declined with the increase of salinity after spawning. When salinity was 6&permil;, the contents of DHP, PG, E2 and T in the hemolymph of female crabs before spawning reached the highest, the contents of DHP and PG decreased and E2 and T increased after spawning. The comprehensive study indicated that salinity had a certain effect on five hormones in the hemolymph of female E.sinensis during reproduction, five hormones didn&rsquo;t change significantly in the process of mating, DHP, GTH and PG were involved during the spawning of E.sinensis.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div>

Reproductive Behaviour and Biometry of Female Genitalia of Non-descript Female Goat of Mizoram

Anthropometry of Female Agricultural Workers of Madhya Pradesh

Molecular Targets of Phyto-bioactive Compounds in Female Reproductive System of Mammals: A Review

Reproductive toxicity of quinalphos on female albino rats: Effects on ovary and uterus

A Comparative Histomorphochemical Study on the Liver of Male and Female Beetal Goats

Sub-acute oxidant and histopathological effects of imidacloprid on kidney of adult female Wistar rats

Histological and Physiological Studies on Adult Female Albino Rats Treated with Paraphenylenediamine

The Use of Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of the Bacterial Agents Involved in Subclinical Endometritis in Female Dromedary

Morphological Characteristics of Ovarian Tissues and Follicular Fluid Metabolites of Female Lambs and Ewes in Subtropics

Effects of Salinity on Five Hormones in the Hemolymph of Female Eriocheir sinensis during Reproduction