<p>The present investigation was undertaken to find out the effective and economical control measures for the management of foliage feeding wheat aphids, for which three insecticides viz quinalphos 25 EC, thiamethoxam 25 % WG, and spinosad 45 EC were evaluated. Minimum &nbsp;aphid population was observed in case of quinalphos 25 EC @1600 ml/ha &nbsp;and was &nbsp;found at par with spinosad 45 EC @125 ml/ha &nbsp;and &nbsp;was &nbsp;found significantly &nbsp;better than other treatments, viz. quinalphos &nbsp;@1200 ml/ha &nbsp;and thiamethoxam 25 % WG @ 100 gm/ha including untreated check after 7 days of treatment. &nbsp;However, quinalphos 25 EC @1600 ml/ha and &nbsp;spinosad 45 EC @125 ml/ha and significantly better than other treatments including untreated check. &nbsp;Grain yield of plot treated with quinalphos 25 EC @1600 ml/ha was registered with highest yield (39.25 q/ha) and significantly better than other treatments including control. &nbsp;Cost-benefit ratio and net profit calculated for different insecticidal treatments revealed that quinalphos 25 EC @1600 ml/ha (1:9.65) was found highly cost effective as compare to other insecticides.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Efficacy of quinalphos 25 EC for the management of wheat aphid</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;On farm trial were conducted on 5 famer&rsquo;s field at Sinduri Village, District Shahdol (MP) during Rabi season, to evaluate the performance of Propiconazole 25 EC for the management of Fusarium wilt in Brinjal. Soil drenching by Propiconazole 25 EC @ 500 ml/ha, twice at 10 days interval have been found to be more effective as compared to farmer&rsquo;s practice. In the present investigation as the PDI of the disease in case of recommended practice was 5.40% while the farmer practice is 20.78%. The PDI values were in found with the yield of the crop as the farmer&rsquo;s practice yielded only 235.1 q/ha as compared to the recommended practice which yielded 300.67 q/ha. The benefit: cost ratio in case of recommended practice was 2.35 while the farmer&rsquo;s practice infested a ratio of 1.92.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Assessment of Propiconazole 25 EC and economics analysis in the management of Fusarium wilt in Brinjal</div>

<div><strong>Background:</strong> Among several reasons for low productivity in mungbean, various biotic and abiotic factors play a major role. Although intensive research work has been done on genetic architecture of yield and yield attributes of mungbean but limited work was done on yield attributes along with water use efficiency (WUE) and heat stress tolerance related traits. The present study is aimed to identify the genetic potential of mungbean genotypes with high yield and drought and heat stress tolerance.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The F<sub>2</sub> seed was harvested from selfed F<sub>1</sub> population during 2017-18 from three superior crosses <em>viz</em>., ML 267&times;LGG 528, MGG 390&times;LM 95 and LM 95&times;EC 362096. These crosses were selected based on their per se performance of yield, yield attributes and WUE related traits. Genetic analysis was carried out in F<sub>2</sub> populations of three crosses for fourteen quantitative characters to identify the number of transgressive segregants in desirable direction.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> A good number of transgressive segregants in desirable direction were observed for plant height, number of pods per cluster, harvest index, SLA, SLW and relative injury in the cross ML 267&times;LGG 528: for plant height, number of branches per plant, SCMR, SLA, SLW and relative injury in the cross MGG 390&times;LM 95 and for plant height, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant SCMR, SLA, SLW, relative injury and seed yield in the cross LM 95&times;EC 362096.</div>


<p>Transgressive Segregants in F<sub>2</sub> Populations of Three Superior Crosses <em>viz</em>., ML 267&times;LGG 528, MGG 390&times;LM 95, LM 95&times;EC 362096 in Mungbean</p>


<div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Background:</strong> The introduction of synthetic pesticides Lambda-cyhalothrinin for crop protection in general has significantly contributed to increased productivity. Lambda-cyhalothrin have been reported to cause toxic effects on humans, ranging from short-term effects such as headaches and nausea to chronic effects like cancer, reproductive damage and endocrine disruption. Lambda-cyhalothrin is a type-II highly active synthetic pyrethroid insecticide which contains a-cyano group. Lambda-cyhalothrin applied at the rate of 30 g a.i. ha-<sup>1</sup> was found to be effective against shoot and fruit borer on brinjal.<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong>&nbsp;The analytical method for the determination of Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC (Test Item) on brinjal was validated as per DG-SANTE 2019 guideline. The field trails including the dissipation study and final residue study were conducted in a randomized block design in open field. As per recommendation, dose of test item (T<sub>1</sub>= 15 g a.i/ha; T<sub>2</sub> = 30 g a.i/ha) were 500 L/hectare for Trial. Lambda-cyhalothrin residues of brinjal samples were determined at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days at both application of recommended and double the recommended dose of test item.&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The analytical method employed for determination of persistence residues of Lambda-cyhalothrin in brinjal was validated and found accurate and precise. The per cent dissipation of Lambda-cyhalothrin for the treatment T<sub>1</sub> was 37.22% after 1 day which increased to 96.66% by 10<sup>th</sup> day, similarly for the double dose (T<sub>2</sub>) the initial dissipation was 57.14%, which increased to 99.7 % after 10<sup>th</sup> day. The half-life (T<sub>1/2</sub>) values of Lambda-cyhalothrin on brinjal were found to be 2.06 and 2.13 days for T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub>, respectively.&nbsp;</div>


<p>Dissipation of Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC on Brinjal Fruit Grown in Gurugram, Haryana</p>

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Supplementation of probiotics play an important role on the growth performance of native chicken to achieve early market weight. It has been observed that there was a development of resistance by pathogenic bacteria against antibiotic mixtures used in the feed as growth promoters. The major concern in using antibiotics is presence of residues in the egg and meat. Probiotics are found to be an alternative to antibiotics to reduce the disease incidences and to improve feed efficiency.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Totally 100 numbers of day old Aseel cross chicks were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 50 chicks each. Chicks in control group (T<sub>1</sub>) were fed with commercially available feed without probiotic supplementation and chicks in treatment group (T<sub>2</sub>) were fed with probiotic supplemented commercial feed. Trial period was upto 10 weeks of age.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Fortnightly body weight and body weight gain were significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in treatment group (T<sub>2</sub>) compared to control group. Average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio also highly (P&lt;0.01) significant in treatment group.</p>


<p>Effect of Probiotic (Probeads-Ec) Supplementation on the Growth Performance of Aseel Cross Chicks</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Cypermethrin is used extensively to kill the pests that decreases the crop yield. Excessive use of cypermethrin results in soil and water contamination, thus affecting soil microflora and the aquatic life. Thus, removal of cypermethrin is particularly important. Different physical and chemical methods are available for the cypermethrin removal but are time consuming and costly. So, microbial degradation of cypermethrin is important. The present study aimed to isolate and identify cypermethrin degrading organisms, detection of the cypermethrin degradation product by GC- MS analysis and detection of residual amount of cypermethrin from the medium.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> In this laboratory investigation, soil samples were collected from different farms and isolation and identification of microorganisms capable of cypermethrin degradation was performed. Further, detection of residual cypermethrin concentration, cod value and cypermethrin degradation products using GC- MS analysis was performed.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>Cypermethrin degrading microorganisms were isolated and identified as <em>P. aeruginosa</em> and <em>K. pneumoniae</em>. These microorganisms degraded 200mg\lit cypermethrin and the cypermethrin degradation products were detected and identified by comparing with the standard database. Residual amount of cypermethrin was detected from the medium by colorimetric method. Residual cypermethrin concentration was decreased with time in the test indicating cypermethrin degradation ability of the <em>P. aeruginosa </em>and<em> K. pneumoniae</em>. Further, COD value was determined and COD value was found to be decreased in the medium in presence of <em>P. aeruginosa </em>and <em>K. pneumoniae</em> indicating cypermethrin removal.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Degradation of Pyrethroid Insecticide- cypermethrin (25% EC) using Soil Microorganisms and Detection of Degradation Products</div>


<div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Background: </strong>The pesticides are known to adversely affect the quality of water and create hazards for aquatic life that results in severe damage to non-target freshwater organisms including fish. Among them, the organophosphorus pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most commonly used pesticides for controlling various kinds of pests in agriculture. Pesticides after entering in to the body of fish bring about histopathological and biochemical changes in different target and non-target organs. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the toxicity effects of Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and associated histopathological changes in the gill, liver and kidney of the Mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus under the acute toxicity concentrations.&nbsp;<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> Static bioassay was carried out for Chlorpyrifos with Oreochromis mossambicus as test animal for a period of 96 hrs as per standard methods and LC50 values were calculated through Probit analysis. The fishes were exposed to five acute concentrations (0.033, 0.066, 0.132, 0.264 and 0.528 ppb). The gill, liver and kidney tissues were collected from the fishes exposed to the pesticide and standard histology protocol was followed to investigate the histopathological changes.<br /><strong>Result:</strong> The histological changes observed in the gill included lamellar aneurysm, curling of secondary lamellae, shortening of the secondary lamellae, hypertrophy of epithelial cell, fusion of secondary lamellae, deformation of the cartilage core, blood congestion, collapsed secondary lamellae, excessive mucus secretion, disorganization of the secondary lamellae, haemorrhage at primary lamellae, necrosis, haemorrhage at secondary lamellae. The most common histopathological changes in the liver were characterized by cellular necrosis, degeneration of hepatocytes, nuclear degeneration, fat deposition, rupture of nucleus, hypertrophied hepatocytes, blood congestion, blood sinusoids, cellular hypertrophy, increased pycnotic nucleus, cirrhosis and hemosiderosis. Further, histological changes like appearance of dilated lumen, hypertrophied epithelial cells, severe haemorrhage, blood congestion, melanomacrophage aggregation, narrowing of lumen, degenerated tubule, degenerated glomerulus, shrunken glomerulus and distended glomerulus were observed in the kidney. Thus, it is evident from the present study that Chlorpyrifos can be a potential toxicant affecting the fishes at tissue level on dose and time dependent manner which are expected to affect the other physiological processes in the long run.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effects of Acute Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos (EC 50%) and Associated Histological Alterations in Gills, Liver and Kidney of Mozambique Tilapia, <em>Oreochromis mossambicus</em> (Peters, 1852)</div>

<div>Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress that affects the yield in most of the crops under cultivation. The area under black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is decreasing in recent years due to soil salinity problem. Thirteen black gram genotypes viz., VBN1, VBN2, VBN3, VBN(Bg) 4, VBN(Bg ) 5, VBN(Bg) 6, VBN 7 and VBN 8, VBG 12-034, VBG 12-062, VBG 12-110, VBG 12-111, VBG 13-003 and &nbsp;VBG 14-016 were screened under three EC level (4.0 EC, 11.0 EC and 16.0 EC) and compared with &nbsp;0.0 EC (control). The mean germination percentage of all the thirteen genotypes studied illustrated reduced level of germination percentage with increasing salinity level. At the highest salinity level (16.0 EC) the germination percentage was significantly affected compared to 4.0 EC and 11.0 EC. The grand mean of plumule length was more at 4.0 EC and was reduced to half (16.0 EC) as compared to control. The root grew longer at 11.0 EC (4.91 cm) as compared to 4.0 EC (4.83 cm) and 0.0 EC (3.02 cm), where ever showed drastic reduction at 16.0 EC (1.92 cm). The grand mean value of dry matter weight increased concomitantly with salinity. The radical length had positive and significant correlation with dry matter weight at 11.0 EC (0.657) where as positive and &nbsp;non-significant correlation with 4.0 and 16.0 EC suggested that radicle length is the most useful parameter to select salinity tolerant black gram genotypes. Based on grand mean performance of the thirteen genotypes evaluated, the genotype VBG-14-016 followed by Vamban 4, Vamban 8 and VBG-12-062 outperformed than all other genotypes, while VBG-13-003 was highly susceptible followed by VBG-12-034.</div>


<div>Screening of Black Gram (<em>Vigna Mungo</em> L. Hepper) Varieties for Tolerance to Salinity</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Blackgram is one of the important grain legumes in India. Pulses are the important source of protein for the vegetarian people. To meet out the current demand of pulses, there is a crucial need to increase the blackgram production. Mostly this crop is cultivated in marginal lands where the abiotic stresses like drought and salinity are predominant. The area under salinity in India is 6.73 million hectares and in blackgram no variety was identified as suitable for saline areas.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> This experiment was carried out to study the salinity tolerance levels of balckgram genotypes at vegetative and reproductive stages during <em>Rabi</em> season of 2018-20. A total of six blackgram genotypes were used to screen its performance under saline environment at vegetative and reproductive stage. All the genotypes were raised in pot with the size of 20 cm height and 15 cm width with four replications and salinity were stimulated artificially <em>viz</em>., 4.0 EC, 11.0 EC and 16.0 EC ds/m, its growth habits were observed.<br />
<br />
<strong>Conclusion: </strong>Salinity impact adversely affects blackgram genotypes under study. The number of days to survival of the plant and plant height were decreased by increasing salinity level and number of irrigation with saline water and it was reduced to &frac12; at 16 EC ds/m as compared to control. Days to 50% flowering, chlorophyll content and single plant yield were severally affected by increasing salt concentration. Increasing salt concentration was found directly proportionate to increasing number of days taken for flower initiation and at high level of salinity (16.0 EC ds/m) the plants dried before flowering. The plant yield was much affected by slight increase in salt concentration. At 4.0 EC ds/m level the yield was reduced to &frac14; as compared to control. The 100 grain weight was not much affected by increasing salt concentration; Chlorophyll content also reduced 2/3 by increasing salt concentration after 15 DAS. The genotypes VBG-14-016 performed better under 4.0 EC ds/m level and survived for more number of days followed by the variety VBN 8.</div>


<div>Morphological and Yield Attribute of Blackgram Genotypes under Different Salinity Stress Conditions</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Sesame is notable for its rich antioxidants and sesame oil is also familiar for its resistance to oxidation. The cultivation of sesame is usually restricted under abiotic stress conditions. Hence in order to study the performance of sesame genotypes to saline stress, an experiment was conducted &nbsp;to screen ten ruling varieties of sesame viz., CO1, SVR1, SVPR1, VRI 1, VRI 2, TMV 3, TMV 4, TMV 5, TMV 6 and TMV 7 at five different EC levels (EC 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). &nbsp;Seedling observations namely, germination percentage, speed of germination, shoot length, root length and dry matter production were recorded. Among the genotypes, it was found that under higher saline conditions (EC5), VRI 1 recorded higher seedling length (2.0 cm), vigour index I (100) and vigour index II (1.15), whereas under normal condition, TMV 4 and CO 1 performed better. In general, there was a decrease in all the seedling parameters with increased levels of salinity. With STAR software, Multivariate analysis was done and on the basis of dendrogram, five clusters were formed and the cophenotic correlation co- efficient was found highest in Control (0.912) followed by EC 2 ( 0.829).</div>

Efficacy of quinalphos 25 EC for the management of wheat aphid

Assessment of Propiconazole 25 EC and economics analysis in the management of Fusarium wilt in Brinjal

Transgressive Segregants in F₂ Populations of Three Superior Crosses viz., ML 267×LGG 528, MGG 390×LM 95, LM 95×EC 362096 in Mungbean

Dissipation of Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC on Brinjal Fruit Grown in Gurugram, Haryana

Effect of Probiotic (Probeads-Ec) Supplementation on the Growth Performance of Aseel Cross Chicks

Degradation of Pyrethroid Insecticide- cypermethrin (25% EC) using Soil Microorganisms and Detection of Degradation Products

Effects of Acute Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos (EC 50%) and Associated Histological Alterations in Gills, Liver and Kidney of Mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)

Screening of Black Gram (Vigna Mungo L. Hepper) Varieties for Tolerance to Salinity

Morphological and Yield Attribute of Blackgram Genotypes under Different Salinity Stress Conditions

Multivariate analysis of sesame genotypes under saline stress