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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 54 issue 12 (december 2020) : 1497-1504,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3876

Effects of Acute Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos (EC 50%) and Associated Histological Alterations in Gills, Liver and Kidney of Mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)

A
A. Subburaj
P
P. Jawahar
N
N. Jayakumar
A
A. Srinivasan
B
B. Ahilan
1Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam-611 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
Cite article:- Subburaj A., Jawahar P., Jayakumar N., Srinivasan A., Ahilan B. (2020). Effects of Acute Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos (EC 50%) and Associated Histological Alterations in Gills, Liver and Kidney of Mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(12): 1497-1504. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3876.

ABSTRACT

Background: The pesticides are known to adversely affect the quality of water and create hazards for aquatic life that results in severe damage to non-target freshwater organisms including fish. Among them, the organophosphorus pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most commonly used pesticides for controlling various kinds of pests in agriculture. Pesticides after entering in to the body of fish bring about histopathological and biochemical changes in different target and non-target organs. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the toxicity effects of Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and associated histopathological changes in the gill, liver and kidney of the Mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus under the acute toxicity concentrations. 
Methods: Static bioassay was carried out for Chlorpyrifos with Oreochromis mossambicus as test animal for a period of 96 hrs as per standard methods and LC50 values were calculated through Probit analysis. The fishes were exposed to five acute concentrations (0.033, 0.066, 0.132, 0.264 and 0.528 ppb). The gill, liver and kidney tissues were collected from the fishes exposed to the pesticide and standard histology protocol was followed to investigate the histopathological changes.
Result: The histological changes observed in the gill included lamellar aneurysm, curling of secondary lamellae, shortening of the secondary lamellae, hypertrophy of epithelial cell, fusion of secondary lamellae, deformation of the cartilage core, blood congestion, collapsed secondary lamellae, excessive mucus secretion, disorganization of the secondary lamellae, haemorrhage at primary lamellae, necrosis, haemorrhage at secondary lamellae. The most common histopathological changes in the liver were characterized by cellular necrosis, degeneration of hepatocytes, nuclear degeneration, fat deposition, rupture of nucleus, hypertrophied hepatocytes, blood congestion, blood sinusoids, cellular hypertrophy, increased pycnotic nucleus, cirrhosis and hemosiderosis. Further, histological changes like appearance of dilated lumen, hypertrophied epithelial cells, severe haemorrhage, blood congestion, melanomacrophage aggregation, narrowing of lumen, degenerated tubule, degenerated glomerulus, shrunken glomerulus and distended glomerulus were observed in the kidney. Thus, it is evident from the present study that Chlorpyrifos can be a potential toxicant affecting the fishes at tissue level on dose and time dependent manner which are expected to affect the other physiological processes in the long run. 

REFERENCES

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  6. Chindah, A.C., Sikoki, F.D., Ijeoma, V.A. (2004). Toxicity of an organo phosphate pesticide (chloropyrifos) on a common Niger Delta Wetland fish - Tilapia guineensis (Blecker 1862). J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. 8(2): 11-17. 
  7. De Silva, P.M.C.S., Samayawardhena, L.A. (2002). Low concentrations of lorsban in water result in far reaching behavioral and histological effects in early life stages in guppy. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 53(2): 248-254.
  8. Devi, Y., Mishra, A. (2013). Histopathological alterations in gill and liver anatomy of fresh water, air breathing fish Channa punctatus after pesticide Hilban® (Chlorpyrifos) treatment. Adv. Biores. 4(2): 57-62.
  9. Dutta, H.M., Munshi, J.S.D., Dutta, G.R., Singh, N.K., Adhikari, S., Richmonds, C.R. (1995). Age related differences in the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) by malathion. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. 111(2): 331-334.
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  13. Hasina, B.B., Mithra, D. (2014). Histopathological changes in liver tissue of Heteropneustes fossilis exposed Chlorpyrifos (20% EC). Indian Journal of Applied Research. 4(7): 237-240.
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  15. Issa, A.M., Gawish, A.M., Esmail, G.M. (2011). Histological Hazards of Chlorpyrifos usage on gills and kidneys of Nile tilapia and the role of Vitamin E supplement. Egypt. Life Science Journal. 8(4): 113-123.
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  27. Muttappa, K., Reddy, H.R.V., Padmanabha, A. (2015). Chlorpyrifos induced histological changes in the liver of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Int. J. Rec. Sci. Res. 6: 5819-23.
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  29. Ogueji, E.O., Auta, J., Balogun, J.K., Ibrahim, N.D.G. (2007). The histopathological effects of sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos-ethyl on the liver and gills of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Chem Class Journal. 4: 49-59.
  30. Oh, H.S., Lee, S.K., Kim, Y.H., Roh, J.K. (1991). Mechanism of selective toxicity of diazinon to killifish (Oryzias latipes) and loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). In Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Fourteenth Volume. ASTM International.
  31. Olurin, K.B., Olojo, E.A.A., Mbaka, G.O., Akindele, A.T. (2006). Histopathological responses of the gill and liver tissues of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings to herbicide, glyphosate. African Journal of Biotechnology. 5(24): 2480.
  32. Oruc, E.O. (2010). Oxidative stress, steroid hormone concentrations and acetylcholinesterase activity in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to chlorpyrifos. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology. 96(3): 160-166.
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    Research Article

    volume 54 issue 12 (december 2020) : 1497-1504,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3876

    Effects of Acute Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos (EC 50%) and Associated Histological Alterations in Gills, Liver and Kidney of Mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)

    A
    A. Subburaj
    P
    P. Jawahar
    N
    N. Jayakumar
    A
    A. Srinivasan
    B
    B. Ahilan
    1Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam-611 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
    Cite article:- Subburaj A., Jawahar P., Jayakumar N., Srinivasan A., Ahilan B. (2020). Effects of Acute Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos (EC 50%) and Associated Histological Alterations in Gills, Liver and Kidney of Mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(12): 1497-1504. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3876.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: The pesticides are known to adversely affect the quality of water and create hazards for aquatic life that results in severe damage to non-target freshwater organisms including fish. Among them, the organophosphorus pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most commonly used pesticides for controlling various kinds of pests in agriculture. Pesticides after entering in to the body of fish bring about histopathological and biochemical changes in different target and non-target organs. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the toxicity effects of Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and associated histopathological changes in the gill, liver and kidney of the Mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus under the acute toxicity concentrations. 
    Methods: Static bioassay was carried out for Chlorpyrifos with Oreochromis mossambicus as test animal for a period of 96 hrs as per standard methods and LC50 values were calculated through Probit analysis. The fishes were exposed to five acute concentrations (0.033, 0.066, 0.132, 0.264 and 0.528 ppb). The gill, liver and kidney tissues were collected from the fishes exposed to the pesticide and standard histology protocol was followed to investigate the histopathological changes.
    Result: The histological changes observed in the gill included lamellar aneurysm, curling of secondary lamellae, shortening of the secondary lamellae, hypertrophy of epithelial cell, fusion of secondary lamellae, deformation of the cartilage core, blood congestion, collapsed secondary lamellae, excessive mucus secretion, disorganization of the secondary lamellae, haemorrhage at primary lamellae, necrosis, haemorrhage at secondary lamellae. The most common histopathological changes in the liver were characterized by cellular necrosis, degeneration of hepatocytes, nuclear degeneration, fat deposition, rupture of nucleus, hypertrophied hepatocytes, blood congestion, blood sinusoids, cellular hypertrophy, increased pycnotic nucleus, cirrhosis and hemosiderosis. Further, histological changes like appearance of dilated lumen, hypertrophied epithelial cells, severe haemorrhage, blood congestion, melanomacrophage aggregation, narrowing of lumen, degenerated tubule, degenerated glomerulus, shrunken glomerulus and distended glomerulus were observed in the kidney. Thus, it is evident from the present study that Chlorpyrifos can be a potential toxicant affecting the fishes at tissue level on dose and time dependent manner which are expected to affect the other physiological processes in the long run. 

    REFERENCES

    1. APHA (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19th Edn. American Public Health Association, New York, pp. 136.
    2. Banaee, M., Haghi, B.N., Ibrahim, A.T.A. (2013). Sub-lethal toxicity of chlorpyrifos on Common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758): Biochemical response. International Journal of Aquatic Biology. 1(6): 281-288.
    3. Barron, M.G., Woodburn, K.B. (1995). Ecotoxicology of chlorpyrifos. In Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. 144: 1-93.
    4. Bhatnagar, A., Yadav, A.S., Cheema, N. (2016). Genotoxic effects of chlorpyrifos in freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala using micronucleus assay. Advances in Biology, 2016.
    5. Brongs, W.A, Mount, D.I. (1978). Estimating the hazard of chemical substances to aquatic life (Chapter 2). In: Introduction to a discussion of the use of aquatic toxicity tests for evaluation of the effects to toxic substances. ASTM International. STP 657: 15-26.
    6. Chindah, A.C., Sikoki, F.D., Ijeoma, V.A. (2004). Toxicity of an organo phosphate pesticide (chloropyrifos) on a common Niger Delta Wetland fish - Tilapia guineensis (Blecker 1862). J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. 8(2): 11-17. 
    7. De Silva, P.M.C.S., Samayawardhena, L.A. (2002). Low concentrations of lorsban in water result in far reaching behavioral and histological effects in early life stages in guppy. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 53(2): 248-254.
    8. Devi, Y., Mishra, A. (2013). Histopathological alterations in gill and liver anatomy of fresh water, air breathing fish Channa punctatus after pesticide Hilban® (Chlorpyrifos) treatment. Adv. Biores. 4(2): 57-62.
    9. Dutta, H.M., Munshi, J.S.D., Dutta, G.R., Singh, N.K., Adhikari, S., Richmonds, C.R. (1995). Age related differences in the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) by malathion. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. 111(2): 331-334.
    10. Ganeshwade, R.M. (2012). Effect of dimethoate on the level of cholesterol in freshwater Puntius ticto (Ham). Kidney. 11 (1.0474): 16-1333.
    11. Grinwis, G.C.M., Boonstra, A., Van Den Brandhof, E.J., Dormans, J.A.M.A., Engelsma, M., Kuiper, R.V., Van Loveren, H., Wester, P.W., Vaal, M.A., Vethaak, A.D., Vos, J.G. (1998). Short-term toxicity of bis (tri-n-butyltin) oxide in flounder (Platichthys flesus): Pathology and immune function. Aquatic Toxicology. 42(1): 15-36.
    12. Hartl, M.G., Hutchinson, S., Hawkins, L.E. (2001). Organotin and osmoregulation: quantifying the effects of environmental concentrations of sediment-associated TBT and TPhT on the freshwater-adapted European flounder, Platichthys flesus (L.). Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology. 256(2): 267-278.
    13. Hasina, B.B., Mithra, D. (2014). Histopathological changes in liver tissue of Heteropneustes fossilis exposed Chlorpyrifos (20% EC). Indian Journal of Applied Research. 4(7): 237-240.
    14. Humason, G.L. (1972). Animal tissue techniques, (3rd Edt.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company.
    15. Issa, A.M., Gawish, A.M., Esmail, G.M. (2011). Histological Hazards of Chlorpyrifos usage on gills and kidneys of Nile tilapia and the role of Vitamin E supplement. Egypt. Life Science Journal. 8(4): 113-123.
    16. Khan, S., Sharma, N. (2013). Histopathological alterations in the kidney of Gambusia affinis after exposure to chlorpyrifos. Int J Chem Pharm Sci. 1(2): 122-127.
    17. Korn, S., Earnest, R. (1974). Acute toxicity of twenty insecticides to Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis. Calif. Fish Game. 60(3): 128-131.
    18. Kunjamma, K.A., Philip, B., Bhanu, S.V., Jose, J. (2008). Histopathological effects on Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia) exposed to chlorpyrifos. J. Environ. Res. Dev. 2(4): 553-559.
    19. Ma, J., Liu, Y., Niu, D., Li, X. (2015). Effects of chlorpyrifos on the transcription of CYP3A cDNA, activity of acetylcholinesterase and oxidative stress response of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Environmental toxicology. 30(4): 422-429.
    20. Magar, R.S., Shaikh, A. (2013). Effect of malathion toxicity on detoxifying organ of fresh water fish Channa punctatus. International journal of pharmaceutical, chemical and biological sciences. 3(3): 723-728.
    21. Maharajan, A., Narayanasamy, Y., Ganapiriya, V., Shanmugavel, K. (2015). Histological alterations of a combination of Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin (Nurocombi) insecticide in the fresh water crab, Paratelphusa jacquemontii (Rathbun). The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology. 72: 104-112.
    22. Manjunatha, B., Philip, G.H. (2015). Histopathological alterations in liver anatomy after exposure to chlorpyrifos in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Der. Pharm. Lett. 7: 191-7.
    23. Mataqueiro, M.I., Satiko Okada Nakaghi, L., De Souza, J.P., Da Cruz, C., De Oliveira, G.H., Urbinati, E.C. (2009). Histopathological changes in the gill, liver and kidney of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg, 1887) exposed to various concentrations of trichlorfon. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 25(1): 124-127.
    24. Mathur, S.C., Tannan, S.K. (1999). Future of Indian pesticides industry in next millennium. Pesticide Information. 24(4): 9-23.
    25. Mohamed, F.A. (2009). Histopathological studies on Tilapia zillii and Solea vulgaris from Lake Qarun, Egypt. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences. 1(1): 29-39.
    26. Murmu, K., Rasal, K.D., Rasal, A., Sahoo, L., Nandanpawar, P.C., Udit, U.K., Patnaik, M., Mahapatra, K.D., Sundaray, J.K., (2019). Effect of salinity on survival, hematological and histological changes in genetically improved rohu (Jayanti), Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(6): 673-678.
    27. Muttappa, K., Reddy, H.R.V., Padmanabha, A. (2015). Chlorpyrifos induced histological changes in the liver of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Int. J. Rec. Sci. Res. 6: 5819-23.
    28. National Registration Authority (NRA) (2000). The NRA Review of Chlorpyrifos, Volume 1, NRA Review Series 00.5. Canberra, Australia: National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals.
    29. Ogueji, E.O., Auta, J., Balogun, J.K., Ibrahim, N.D.G. (2007). The histopathological effects of sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos-ethyl on the liver and gills of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Chem Class Journal. 4: 49-59.
    30. Oh, H.S., Lee, S.K., Kim, Y.H., Roh, J.K. (1991). Mechanism of selective toxicity of diazinon to killifish (Oryzias latipes) and loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). In Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Fourteenth Volume. ASTM International.
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