<div>Background: India generates about 50 million tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) every year. Composting MSW is viewed as a low-cost method of diverting organic wastes from landfills in to a valuable product of agricultural importance. Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is an organic matter rich with a small quantity of nitrogen, while rice hull ash is a good source of plant nutrients particularly of potash. Bagasse ash is a waste obtained from sugar industries and is capable of supplying significant amount of plant nutrients.&nbsp;The present investigation aimed to study the effect of organic sources of plant nutrients and industrial waste on yield and quality of radish as a supplementary source of plant nutrients. 
 
Methods: A pot trial investigation was carried out during 2019 at Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tami Nadu to study the influence of conventional and non-conventional organic sources of plant nutrients and industrial refuse on yield and quality of radish. Under this trial, FYM (12.5 t ha-1), Municipal Solid Waste Compost (25 t ha-1), Rice hull ash (5 t ha-1), Bagasse ash (10 t ha-1) with 100% RDF and 75% RDF were tried. 
 
Result: The present investigation under pot trial showed that the maximum radish root yield, shoot yield and quality were observed due to the application of organic sources of plant nutrients of both conventional and non-conventional organic sources and industrial refuse.</div>

<div>Influence of Conventional and Non-conventional Organic Sources of Plant Nutrients and Industrial Refuse for Yield and Quality Enhancement of Radish</div>

<div>Background: The Indian dairy industry has progress consistently ever since the White revolution of the 1970s, making India, the world&rsquo;s largest and fastest producer of milk with 17 per cent global share. The Indian dairy market is expected to double within the next 10 years, primarily driven by over 16-20 per cent growth in value added dairy segment. To catch this high growth potential and to meet the rising demand, a sustainable and strong dairy production system will be critical.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A study was conducted between December 2018 and February 2019 at four different dairy farms. The farms were identified based on rearing systems practiced. The farms were divided into two groups where the first one (n=10 dairy cattle) utilized automatic rearing systems (the ARS farms), while the second group (n=10) had conventional rearing systems (the CRS farms). 
 
Result: Based on the results, the effect of different rearing systems on the average lactation yield in the fourth lactation was significantly higher (P&le;0.05) in automatic rearing system. The lactation yield of both the treatment groups was not significant till third lactation. There was no significant difference observed in persistency of milk production in both the rearing systems. Reproductive performance of the ARS houses had better age at first calving and service period as compared to conventional house type with significant difference. By using an ARS it is possible to save time and achieve greater flexibility. The experiment indicates less man power minutes required for routine daily work like feeding, watering and milking in automatic rearing system as compare to conventional rearing system. A significant (P&le;0.01) reduction in working time by comparison with a different feeding, watering and management system however can only be expected in the case of sizeable herds. It appears that not much time can be saved with herds numbering 60 animals, but flexibility for the farm manager becomes significantly greater. In view of the relatively high amount invested in ARS, the profitability of such a system must be decided on a farm by farm basis. In principle an ARS can be a good opportunity for optimizing working time and workload in dairy farming.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Comparative Study of Automation and Conventional System on Production Performance in Dairy Farms</div>

<div>Background: Scientific research will continue to search for the best methods to control the insect pests and at the same time reduce insecticide concentrations used. Using of nanoinsecticide formulations may be resolving this problem.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this work two types of formulations were used; nanoformulations and their conventional formulations. Three common insecticides were used against the silver whitefly, Bemisia tabaci; indoxacarb, spirotetramat and thiacloprid in tomato fields. The nanoparticle sizes were ranged between 210 and 290 nm. The loading capacities were 70.6, 71.2 and 69.1% for indoxacarb, spirotetramat and thiacloprid, respectively. The recommended field concentration for each insecticide was used. The concentrations of nanoformulations were one-fifth of conventional one.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The obtained results showed that indoxacarb was the most effective insecticide against the B. tabaci in tomato field with the both formulations (nano and conventional) followed by thiacloprid and spirotetramat. By using of nanoformulations, the percent of reduction after the third application were 97.7, 38.2 and 44.8%, for indoxacarb, spirotetramat and thiacloprid, respectively. While, the corresponding results with the conventional formulation were 97, 39.8 and 49.2%, respectively. The obtained results also, showed that there were no difference between the nano and conventional formulations. The per cent of B. tabaci reduction after the third application were 97.7 and 97.0; and 38.2 and 39.8; and 44.8 and 49.2% for nano and conventional indoxacarb, spirotetramat and thiacloprid, respectively. These results may be throw some light in the advantages of using nanoformulations compared with the conventional formulations.</div>

Role of Some Nanoformulations in Suppression of Silver Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Population in Compared with Their Conventional Formulations in Tomato Fields

<div>Background: Theileria annulata is predominant and of utmost economical importance tick borne pathogen of bovines in the region which is routinely diagnosed based on the microscopic examination of Romanowsky stained thin blood smears. Present study was intended to evaluate and analyze the detection efficacy of a commercial polymerase chain reaction kit based assay in comparison to conventional PCR assay and classical microscopy for detection of T. annulata from blood samples of bovines from Punjab state. 
 
Methods: In this comparative study 360 bovine blood samples from various districts of agro-climatic zones in Punjab were first screened for T. annulata by Giemsa-stained thin blood smear (GSTBS) examination. The same panel of blood samples was tested for T. annulata by a commercial PCR kit Bovi-TheiDX Theileria annulata (Genext Genomics) (PCR1) and established conventional PCR assay targeting merozoite piroplasm surface antigen (Tams1) gene of T. annulata (PCR2). 
 
Result:&nbsp;Out of 360 samples screened, positivity of&nbsp;T. annulata by GSTBS was found to be 12.5% (45/360) with a sensitivity of 37.20% and specificity of 96.00% when compared with commercial kit (PCR1), the difference was statistically significant (p&lt;.0001). The detection prevalence by PCR1 29.70% (107/360) and PCR2 assay 33.90% (122/360) showed significant (p&lt;.0001) difference. The conventional PCR targeting the Tams1 gene (PCR2) was found to be more sensitive (84.6%) (p&lt;0.001) than PCR1 (69.7%).</div>

Comparative Performance and Evaluation of Two Molecular Assays and Conventional Detection of Theileria annulata in Bovines

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was carried out to evaluate the conventional and molecular techniques for diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. A total of four isolates of Brucella abortus obtained from 100 clinical samples of foetal stomach contents, vaginal mucus and uterine discharges were characterized biochemically. The isolates were confirmed as Brucella spp. by PCR using B4/B5 primer pair and as B. abortus by Bruce Ladder multiplex PCR. By Hinic Real-time PCR, all the four isolates were confirmed as Brucella spp. with Ct values between 14-16. With DNA extracted from 40 clinical samples of foetal stomach contents, vaginal mucus and uterine discharges, Real time PCR appeared most sensitive of the three molecular and conventional techniques as it detected maximum number of positive samples.</div>

Investigation of brucellosis in cattle and buffaloes by conventional and molecular assays

<div>Background: Non-conventional sources of starch like sweet potato, jackfruit seeds, dioscorea are under-utilized as compared to conventional sources. So, it is necessary to utilize these underutilized crops for enhancing their application in food. Custard powder prepared from modified starches (heat moisture treatment and hydroxypropylation crosslinking) were evaluated in the present study.</div>

<div> 
Methods: Custard powder was prepared from native and modified (heat moisture treatment and hydroxypropylation crosslinking)&nbsp; starches of sweet potato, jackfruit seeds and dioscorea. The properties&nbsp; of custard powder and custard were analyzed for hygroscopicity, bulk density, total soluble solids, textual, viscosity, colour and sensory parameters.</div>

<div> 
Result: Bulk density was higher for custard powder prepared from hydroxypropylated crosslinked starch. Viscosity and textural properties of custard prepared from hydroxypropylated crosslinked starch were good. On sensory score custard with hydroxypropylated crosslinked sweet potato starch was preferred by consumers.&nbsp;</div>

​Partial Characterization of Custard Powder Prepared from Native and Modified Non-conventional Starches

The objective of study was conducted on to compare immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations in calves raised under organic and conventional conditions. 30 newborn Holstein Friesian calves (15 rose under organic and 15 under conventional conditions) in two dairy cattle farms. Blood samples were taken from 30 newborn calves at birth (before taking colostrum) and on 14th day to compare immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations in calves raised under organic and conventional conditions. Furthermore, blood and colostrum samples were also taken from the mothers included into the study. &nbsp;IgG and IgM concentrations in colostrum and blood serums were determined using commercial ELISA kits. IgG concentrations at birth (0.79&plusmn;0.34, 1.64&plusmn;0.95 mg/mL) and on the 14th day (46.5&plusmn;21.5, 70.5&plusmn;27.8 mg/mL) in calves raised under organic conditions were lower than those raised under conventional conditions (p&lt;0.01). Calves raised under organic conditions also had lower IgM concentrations than calves raised under conventional conditions at birth (0.23&plusmn;0.03 and 0.28&plusmn;0.11 mg/mL, respectively) and on the 14th day (2.76&plusmn;0.56 and 4,30&plusmn;1.03 mg/mL, respectively) (p&lt;0.05, p&lt;0.01). IgG concentrations in the blood serum of cows raised under conventional conditions were higher than those raised under organic conditions (p&lt;0.01), while no difference was found with respect to IgM concentrations (p&gt;0.05). No difference was found in the IgG and IgM concentrations of colostrum obtained from cows raised under organic and conventional conditions. In both the husbandry systems, positive and significant (p&lt;0.01) correlations were found between the Ig concentrations of the mothers and offsprings. Consequently, it can be suggested that higher Ig concentrations in cattle raised under conventional conditions might be due to poorer environmental conditions.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Comparison of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM) concentrations in calves&nbsp;raised under organic and conventional conditions*

<div>Background: At global level supplication for protein production is always high. Among the various protein production industries poultry farming is measured as one of the major contributors. In Indian poultry production, South Indian states contributing maximum proportion are exclusively by Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. With Tamilnadu&rsquo;s Namakkal being a center, contributing a highest fraction of Indian meat and egg production. However, the feed cost is dignified as major consideration of poultry producers. Especially, cost of key protein feed sources like soya increases up to triple fold in a year. Thus, the study intended to focus on alternative non-conventional feed sources for broilers.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
Methods: In the present investigation, non-conventional animal protein sources like black soldier fly larva, silk worm pupae and earthworm meals replaced 25%, 35% and 50% of soya meal in standard feed formulations for the commercial broiler Cobb500. The efficacy of these non-conventional protein sources were tested through parameters like feed intake and weight gain. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The calculated feed conversion rates were clearly indicated the impact of the feed formulations. Minimum replacement i.e. 25% of these sources were resulted most benefits in all phases of the broilers and increased concentrations of 35 and 50% of black soldier fly larvae, silk worm pupae and earthworm meals were not ensued much benefits in performance as well as meat quality of the cobb500 birds. Intake of the feed with high concentrations of non-conventional protein sources were slightly varied with standard values especially during finisher phase. However, the gain of the body weight is much affected due to poor digestion and absorption. The study revealed that even though minimal replacement of non-conventional animal protein sources enhance the broiler performances, high concentrations of the resources were counterproductive to utilize the maximum benefits. However, the feed processing like extrusion, crystallization and removal of coliform could yield precise potential of high concentrations of these non-conventional animal protein sources. 
&nbsp;</div>

Rational Analysis of Selected Non-conventional Animal Protein Sources on Performance of Commercial Broiler

<div>Background: Gastro-intestinal anastomosis is mostly performed to correct the gastro-intestinal surgical disorders like gastro-intestinal obstruction, abdominal trauma, perforated bowel, intussusception and intestinal neoplasia etc. In early periods conventional intestinal anastomosis was followed which evolved into a seromuscular pattern of suture technique in recent years. Stapled anastomosis have a higher tensile strength than sutured anastomosis, since they heal by primary intention with minimal inflammation. Taking above facts into consideration, this study was undertaken to compare the conventional suture with stapler anastomosis of gastro-intestinal surgery in dogs. 
 
Methods: Clinical cases of dogs which were reported to Small Animal Out-Patient (Surgery Unit) of Madras Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chennai, with the symptoms of gastro-intestinal obstruction due to multifactorial causes formed the study material that were randomly divided into two groups of 6 dogs each. Group I Cases were treated with conventional suture, Group II were treated with gastrointestional anastomosis staplers. Plain and contrast radiography, ultrasonography, intestional anastomosis time, resumption of oral feeding, matrix metalloproteinase were performed. 
 
Result: Stapler technique was found to be superior, accurate and most effective than the conventional technique in terms of anastomotic constructing time, less bowel manipulation, tissue trauma, anaesthetic exposure, risk of peritoneal contamination, early resumption of gastro-intestinal motility and oral feeding, rapid healing at the anastomotic site and&nbsp; reduced hospital stay. Moreover the procedure was easy to perform and simple.&nbsp;</div>

A Comparative Study of Conventional Suture and Stapler Anastomosis for Gastro-intestinal Surgery in Dogs

Background: This study aimed to determine the direct and indirect effects of various agronomic traits on seed yield in common bean under contrasting conventional and organic cultivation systems using path coefficient analysis. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 at the research and trial area of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University. 
 
Methods: Common bean genotypes were grown under conventional and organic management systems using, a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Seed yield (SY) and ten related traits-emergence time (ET), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), first pod height (FPH), pod length (PL), pod width (PW), pods per plant (PPP), seeds per pod (SPP), 100-seed weight (HSW) and biomass yield (BY)-were measured. 
 
Result: Correlation coefficients were calculated and path analysis was performed separately for each system to partition correlations into direct and indirect effects on seed yield. Correlation analysis revealed differing significant associations between traits under the two systems. Path analysis identified distinct pathways influencing seed yield. In the conventional system, Emergence Time (ET) exhibited the largest positive direct effect (P=1.143) on seed yield, indicating the importance of rapid establishment. However, Pods per Plant (PPP) showed a strong negative direct effect (P=-1.359), while 100-Seed Weight (HSW) also had a notable negative direct effect (P=-0.337). In contrast, under the organic system, Pods per Plant (PPP) exerted the strongest positive direct effect (P=0.567) on seed yield, followed by biomass yield (BY) (P=0.428) and emergence time (ET) (P=0.473). First pod height (FPH) showed the most substantial negative direct effect (P=-0.487) in the organic system. The influence of PPP on seed yield was notably contrasting, shifting from strongly negative under conventional management to strongly positive under organic conditions. The study highlights that the mechanisms determining seed yield in common bean differ significantly between conventional and organic systems. While rapid emergence was paramount in the conventional system, maximizing pods per plant was the key driver under organic conditions, alongside biomass accumulation. These system-specific yield determination pathways suggest that breeding programs and agronomic management strategies should be tailored to the target cultivation environment (conventional or organic) to optimize common bean seed yield.

Influence of Conventional and Non-conventional Organic Sources of Plant Nutrients and Industrial Refuse for Yield and Quality Enhancement of Radish

Comparative Study of Automation and Conventional System on Production Performance in Dairy Farms

Role of Some Nanoformulations in Suppression of Silver Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Population in Compared with Their Conventional Formulations in Tomato Fields

Comparative Performance and Evaluation of Two Molecular Assays and Conventional Detection of Theileria annulata in Bovines

Investigation of brucellosis in cattle and buffaloes by conventional and molecular assays

Partial Characterization of Custard Powder Prepared from Native and Modified Non-conventional Starches

Comparison of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM) concentrations in calves raised under organic and conventional conditions*

Rational Analysis of Selected Non-conventional Animal Protein Sources on Performance of Commercial Broiler

A Comparative Study of Conventional Suture and Stapler Anastomosis for Gastro-intestinal Surgery in Dogs

System-specific Determinants of Seed Yield in Common Bean: Insights from Conventional and Organic Path Analyses