Background: Sorghum extract + ready-mix clodinafop + metsulfuron herbicide as post-emergence was most effective for broad spectrum weed management in wheat crop. Sorghum extract and herbicide combination increased the growth as well as yield of wheat. Weeds are a major challenge in wheat crop causing poor productivity. At a present time, maximum does of herbicides are used in wheat crop, but after some time their harmful effect are visible on crop and soil. so sorgoleone allelochemical are used with herbicide. this ecofriendly integrated approach reduce weed density and increase the productivity of wheat.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted to work out &ldquo;Bio-efficacy of sorghum extract and herbicide on growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).&rdquo; The eleven treatment combination sorghum extract alone as well as combined with ready-mix of clodinafop + metsulfuron herbicide with weed free and weedy check was taken during experiment. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) during rabi season of 2021-22 at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) India.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: Sequential application of sorghum extract (1:3) + ready-mix of clodinafop + metsulfuron 64 g/ha was applied at 21 and 30 DAS, significantly increased plant population, plant height, tillers and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) of wheat. This treatment resulted in significantly higher grain yield 4543 kg/ha and magnitude of increments were 34.87% over weedy check and was comparable with sorghum extract (1:2) + ready-mix of clodinafop + metsulfuron 64 g/ha.

Efficacy of Sorghum Extract and Ready-mix Formulation of Clodinafop+Metsulfuron on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

<div>Background: Weed management is one of the most important agronomic constraints leading to severe losses in the cropping system. Intercropping has several advantages to mitigate the losses faced by monocropping in addition to which if there is a proper control of weeds then the advantages of the intercropping system can be multiplied. 
 
Methods: An investigation was conducted on medium black clayey soils at Junagadh during kharif 2019-20 and 2020-21 in randomized block design with 10 treatments replicated thrice, to evaluate the effect of different weed management options on the growth and yield of groundnut + pigeonpea relay intercropping. The treatments were: pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as PE fb interculture and hand weeding at 45 DAS (T1), pendimethalin 0.45 kg ha-1 + oxyfluorfen 0.09 kg ha-1 as PE fb interculture and hand weeding at 45 DAS (T2), interculture and hand weeding at 15 DAS fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T3), interculture and hand weeding at 15 DAS fb quizalofop p ethyl 40 g ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T4),&nbsp; interculture and hand weeding at 15 DAS fb propaquizafop 70 g ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T5), pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as PE fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T6), pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as a PE fb quizalofop p ethyl 40 g ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T7), pendimethalin 0.9 kg as ha-1 PE fb propaquizafop 70 g ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T8), weed free (T9) and unweeded control (T10). 
 
Result: The results of the experiment revealed that weed free registered significantly higher plant height, number of branches, dry matter per plant and&nbsp; number of root nodules per plant in groundnut and pigeonpea and was statistically on par with to intercultureand hand weeding at 15 DAS fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (ready&nbsp; mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE, pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as PE fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE. The data on yield attributes and yield of both the crops depicted that significantly superior results were obtained with weed free treatment, which was statistically at par with intercultureand hand weeding at 15 DAS fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (Ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE and pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as PE fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (Ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE. While in case of groundnut equivalent pod and haulm yields, statistically superior yields were registered with weed free treatment, which was statistically at par with intercultureand hand weeding at 15 DAS fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (Ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE.</div>

Productivity of Groundnut + Pigeonpea Relay Intercropping System as Influenced by Weed Management Options

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2016 at Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) to study the efficacy of different herbicides against weeds in mungbean. The weed density recorded at 30 and 60 DAS was significantly lower under pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 EC (Ready mix) 0.75 kg/ha as pre-emergence (PE) followed by pendimethalin PE. However, significantly lower weed dry weight and statistically superior weed control efficiency were noted in twice hand weeding at 20 DAS and 40 DAS and pendimethalin + imazethapyr (R.mix.) 0.75 kg/ha at same stages of crop (30 and 60 DAS). While, yield attributes viz. pods/plant (21.8) was significantly higher &nbsp;in plot treated with imazethapyr 10 SL @ 40g/ha applied at 20 DAS and statistically at par with imazamox 35 WG+ imazethapyr 35 WG 60g/ha applied at 20 DAS and clodinafop - propargyl 8% + aciflourfen - sodium 16.5% (WP) 187.5 kg/ha applied at 20 DAS. Application of clodinafop - propargyl 8% + aciflourfen - sodium 16.5% (WP) 187.5 kg/ha at 20 DAS produced significantly maximum seed yield (531 kg/ha) of mungbean closely followed by imazethapyr 10 SL @ 40g/ha at (528 kg/ha) and pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 EC (R.mix) 0.75 kg/ha (521 kg/ha). However, stover yield (2699 kg/ha), gross returns (`58464/ha) and net returns (`43163/ha) were obtained significantly superior under clodinafop - propargyl 8% + aciflourfen - sodium 16.5% (WP) 187.5 g/ha.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Evaluation of different herbicides against weeds in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)</div>

<div>Background:&nbsp;Weed infestation is the major cause of yield loss to Kharif pulses in arid regions. Post-emergence herbicide application is a promising weed management option for pulses in these areas. Therefore, the current study was aimed to find an effective and economic post-emergence herbicide molecule for weed control in moth bean. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during 2017-2019 with different herbicides, hand weeding, weed-free and unweededs in Kharif mung bean in a randomized complete block design with three replications.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among the herbicide treatments, post-emergence application of propaquizafop + imazethapyr @ 125 g a.i. ha-1 being statistically at par with clodinafop-propargyl + sodium acifluorfen @ 312.5 g a.i. ha-1&nbsp;and hand weeding recorded the highest reduction in total weed dry matter (73.9%), highest weed control efficiency (73.8%) and lowest weed persistence index (1.03) compared to the unweeded. The reduction in seed yield in unweeded compared to weed-free and hand weeding was 50.8% and 42.1%, respectively. As the imazethapyr-containing herbicides caused crop phytotoxicity, significantly higher crop dry weight (513 g m-2), seed yield (5.53 q ha-1), stover yield (18.0 q ha-1), gross returns and net benefits of moth bean were recorded with clodinafop-propargyl + sodium acifluorfen (312.5 g a.i. ha-1) over other herbicide treatments. Clodinafop-propargyl + sodium acifluorfen (@312.5 g a.i. ha-1) registered the minimum value of weed index (20) and highest values of herbicide efficiency index (3.9) and crop resistance index (4.70).</div>

Bioefficacy, Phytotoxicity and Economics of Post-emergence Herbicides in Moth Bean (Vigna aconitifolia) in Hot Arid Regions

Background: The major factor responsible for reduction of the wheat production and productivity in India is infestation of wheat with problematic weeds. Introduction of high yielding dwarf wheat varieties changed the spectrum of weed flora from dominance of broadleaf weeds in the 1960s to mixed flora of broadleaf and grassy weeds in early 1970s and then the dominance of grass weeds especially, Phalaris minor in late 1970s. The chemical weed control, therefore, became a necessity event in late 1970s. Herbicides were introduced in 1979-80, weed flora changed in favor of complex weeds species in late 1980s and then again in favour of P. minor during the early 1990s and thereafter evolution of herbicide resistance was reported in major wheat growing areas. 
 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted at experimental farm of the Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab during Rabi season of 2022-2023 and 2023-2024. To check the effectiveness of prominent herbicides viz. Axial 5 EC (pinoxaden) 50 g a.i/ha, Leader 75 WG (sulfosulfuron) 25 g a.i/ha, Total 75 WG (sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron) 30 g a.i/ha and ACM-9 (clodinafop+metribuzin) 174 g a.i/ha on the resistant population of Phalaris minor collected from different districts of Punjab. The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design having five main plots and four sub plots with four replications. Herbicides were applied at their recommended dose in main plots and four biotypes viz. B1-Ferozepur, B2- Ropar, B3- Fazilka, B4- Ludhiana in sub plots. Herbicides were applied as post emergence at 35 days after sowing. 
 
Result: Our investigation reveals that among all the herbicide treatments performance of ready mix (clodinafop+metribuzin) herbicide was satisfactory control the weeds. Whereas other tried herbicides are not able to control the tried biotypes except Fazilka. Fazilka biotype is sensitive to all the tried herbicides whereas other biotypes were sensitive to only clodinafop+metribuzin herbicide and shown their resistance to all other herbicides. 
&nbsp;

Performance of Different Phalaris minor Retz. Biotypes Growing with Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Relation to Different Herbicides

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 2012-2013 in Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture and technology, Kanpur (U.P.). Grain and straw yield varied significantly due to different herbicide and herbicidal combination.Twice hand weeding plot recorded significantly higher grain as well as straw yield. However, the sole application of herbicides, sulfosulfuron and carfentrazon-ethyl did not differed significantly from each other in respect of grain and straw yields but these obtained significantly higher grain and straw yield in sole application of metsulfuron-methyl and Clodinafop. The higher net income (Rs 57061/ha) and B:C ratio (2.25) were found with the application of sulfosulfuron (25g a.i. / ha) + Carfentrazon (10g a.i./ha) followed by application of sulfosulfuron (25g a.i. / ha) and carfentrazon-ethyl (15g ai/ha) net income (Rs 56519/ha) and B : C ratio (2.24).&nbsp;</div>

Comparative study of herbicides on yield and economics of wheat

Background: A field experiment was carried out at the Crop Research Centre (CRC), Chirodi, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.) for growing season 2020-21 and 2021-22 cropping seasons. The focus of the research was to improve the performance of late-sown wheat by implementing effective rice residue and weed management practices in western Uttar Pradesh. 
 
Methods: A split-plot design (SPD) with three replications was employed for the experimental conducted. The study&rsquo;s main plots evaluated four distinct rice residue management strategies: residue burning, residue removal, PUSA decomposer treated residue and Trichoderma treated residue. In sub plots, five weed management practices were assessed: Hand weeding twice at 30 and 45 DAS, sulfosulfuron 75% WG @ 25 g a.i. ha-1, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 10% EC @ 0.1 kg a.i. ha-1&nbsp;+ metsulfuron-methyl 20% WP @ 4 g a.i. ha-1, brown manuring followed by clodinafop-propargyl 15% WP @ 60 g a.i. ha-1. 
 
Result: The results indicated that rice residue and weed management practices significantly influenced growth attribute such as plant height, number of tillers per meter row length (pmrl), dry matter, yield attributes and grain yields. Based on the findings, a combination of rice PUSA decomposer treated residue and brown manuring followed by clodinafop-propargyl (15% WP) is recommended for achieving better growth and yield in late-sown wheat. 
&nbsp;

Optimizing Late-sown Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Performance Through Rice Residue and Weed Management Practices in Western U.P.

Background: Integrated application of sorghum extract along with herbicides are viable option for reducing herbicidal dose and their effect in soil and plant. This led to reduce environmental pollution as well as check the growth of weeds in the crop without having detreating effect on crop. Therefore, an integrated approaches involving botanicals conjunctive with herbicide will be the alternatives to reduce post-effects of herbicide.&nbsp;an it is Sorgoleone is the allelochemicals which is present in sorghum and having potential to suppress the growth of weeds at early stage by checking water and nutrient absorption. The basic aim of the study to calibrate the potential of sorghum extract on weed suppression as well as to reduce the quantity of herbicides in wheat crop.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment entitled &ldquo;Bio-efficacy of sorghum extract and herbicide on weed dynamics and productivity of wheat in western Rajasthan&rdquo; was conducted at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) during rabi season of 2021-22. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design replicated thrice and comprised of eleven treatments of weed management practices.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Sequential application of sorghum extract (1:3) + ready-mix of clodinafop + metsulfuron 64 g/ha as post-emergence was found to be the most effective in controlling weeds which led to significant reduction in weed density and weed dry weight with highest weed control efficiency showed significant superiority over all treatments.

Bio-efficacy of Sorghum Extract and Herbicide on Weed Dynamics and Productivity of Wheat in Western Rajasthan

<div>Background: Soybean being a rainy season crops, is heavily infested with weeds thus ultimately affect the crop yield and economic return. 
 
Methods: Field experiment was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi during rainy season of 2019 and 2020 under randomized block design replicated thrice with eight different weed control methods viz., imazathapyr 75 g/ha at 20 days after sowing (DAS), imazathapyr 35% + imazamox 35% ready mix (RM) 75 g/ha at 20 DAS, quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha at 20 DAS, sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (RM) 125 g/ha at 20 DAS, imazathapyr 2% + pendimethalin 30% (RM) 1 kg/ha at 20 DAS, hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, weed free (three hand weeding at 20, 40 and 60 DAS) and weedy check.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among herbicides, application of quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha recorded higher growth and yield attributes of soybean due to reduced weed density and weed dry matter which resulted in higher weed control efficiency, weed management index, agronomic management index, thereby recorded maximum soybean yield (2065 kg/ha), net return (₹ 54,743/ha) and B:C ratio (2.50). The soybean yield was negatively correlated with weed dry matter particularly with grassy as well as total weed dry matter while plant dry matter accumulation was strongly correlated with soybean yield.</div>

Weed Dynamics, Growth, Yield and Correlation Study as Affected by Weed Control Methods in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril.]

<div>Background: Greengram crop is grown round the year as a catch crop in different cropping systems of the uplands of the Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh. The practice of application of pre emergence herbicide like pendimethalin is very popular with the farmers for the control of weeds in the uplands, both in kharif and rabi seasons. Further spraying of a selective post emergence herbicide is also practiced by farmers. However, some of the weeds of kharif viz., Phyllanthus maderaspatensis and rabi viz., Chrozophora rottleri could not be controlled with these herbicides due to their late emergence or due to development of partial resistance to these herbicides. Certain new pre (PE) and post emergence (PoE) herbicides viz., pendimethalin 30% + imazethapyr 2%, acifluorfen sodium 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8%, fomesafen 11.1% + fluazifop -p-butyl 11.1%, are recommended in crops like soybean and groundnut.&nbsp; However, there is need to test these herbicides available in market for their suitability to control the weeds in greengram.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, with an objective to evaluate selected PE and PoE herbicide mixtures in greengram managing the major weeds of greengram grown in vertisols of Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh during Kharif and rabi seasons of 2018 under upland conditions. 
 
Result: Among the two PE herbicides tested on greengram, pendimethalin 30% + imazethapyr 2% @ 0.75 + 0.05 kg/ha was found to be more effective in reducing the weed density and dry matter compared with pendimethalin 30% @ 0.75 kg/ha. The PoE herbicide mixtures tested viz., fomesafen 11.1% + fluazifop -p-butyl 11.1% @111g/ha, propaquizafop 2.5% + imazethapyr 3.75% @ 50+75 g/ha&nbsp; &nbsp;were on par with imazethapyr 10% @ 50g/ha in controlling the weed population without having any adverse affect on the growth and yield of greengram during kharif and rabi.</div>

Evaluation of Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides in Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) during Kharif and Rabi Seasons in the Uplands of Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh