<div style="text-align: justify;">Rhizobium spp. was isolated from root nodules of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), Sweet pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), Chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.). The isolates ware rod shaped, aerobic, gram negative, motile and non-spore forming. Isolates were positive to Catalase, Citrate utilization, Urea hydrolysis, Congored, Nitrification, Oxidase, Triple sugar iron and MacConkey agar test. The isolates can ferment all nine sugars. Then, the isolates identified as Rhizobium spp. depending on above results were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing for further confirmation and identification. Surprisingly, the isolates were same strain or member of same cluster of Rhizobium and identified as Rhizobium sp.CCNWYC119 strain based on 16S rRNA sequence (98% similarity). Then, different parameters of soil quality enrichment and plant growth viz. plant height; weight of pods and seeds; number, fresh and dry weight of nodules were studied to test the efficacy of the isolate as biofertilizer. Here, inoculant of Rhizobium sp. isolated from Pigeon pea was used as biofertilizer. The results showed the significant increase of nodulation, enrichment of soil of rhizosphere, plant growth and yield for all three types of inoculated peas as compared with non-inoculated control peas indicating that the isolated strain could be used as a common efficient biofertilizer for Pigeon pea, Sweet pea and Chick pea. It was also found that the isolate grew optimally at temperature 28&deg;C and pH 7.0. Moreover, the isolate was sensitive to the higher concentration of NaCl (&gt;1%) and to antibiotics- Mecillinam, Ciprofloxacin, Cotrimoxazole, Pefloxacin, Ceftazidime and Tetracycline. &nbsp;&nbsp;</div>

Rhizobium sp.CCNWYC119: a single strain highly effective as biofertilizer for three different peas (Pigeon pea, Sweet pea and Chick pea)

Background: After rice harvest, the majority of farmers in Manipur leave their land fallow without planting anything, despite the fact that it has a great deal of potential for growing a second crop in the rabi season with the remaining moisture and nutrients. One of the most crucial options for Manipur&rsquo;s farmers is green pea, which not only boosts their revenue but also makes use of the nutrients and residual moisture in the soil. The current fertilizer&nbsp; application system ignores the carryover effect of the manure or fertilizer applied to the&nbsp; previous crop and instead bases its decisions on the nutritional requirements of the specific crop. Applying organic sources of nutrients to the previous crop greatly benefits the following crop. In light of the aforementioned considerations, an experiment was set up to determine whether the foliar application of nano fertlizers and organic source of nitrogen in the previous kharif rice crop had any lasting effects on the productivity of the following green pea crop. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during the kharif and rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at Hiyanglam Mayai Leikai in the Kakching district of Manipur, in order to research the residual effect of foliar application of nano fertlizers and organic source of nitrogen on the productivity and economics of zero tilled green pea in rice- green pea cropping sequence. A factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications was used to set up the experiment. 
 
Result: The pooled data showed that vermicompost @100% RDN had the highest growth and yield characterictics over the vermicompost @ 75% RDN and 50% RDN. The&nbsp; combinations of nano NPK @ 1.5% + 100% RDN through vermicompost resulted in the&nbsp; highest increase growth and yield attributing characters of green pea and lowest was observed&nbsp; in the control + @ 50% RDN treated plot.

Residual Effect of Foliar Application of Nano Fertlizers and Organic Source of Nitrogen on the Productivity and Economics of Zero Tilled Green Pea in Rice-green Pea Cropping Sequence

<div>Background: Field pea is one of the important cool season grain legume crops cultivated in India. In this investigation, experimental material i.e. eighty germplasm lines of field pea with four checks (IPF 4-9, Adarsh, Ambika and IPFD 10-12) were evaluated to determine the estimates of genetic diversity in the test genotypes. 
 
Methods: The data were recorded on thirteen quantitative characters for the study of genetic diversity. The mean data of each characters were subjected to cluster analysis by using D2 Mahalanobis clustering method. The principle component analysis (PCA) for measuring genetic divergence was done by XLSTAT and R 4.0 statistical package.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Eighty-four germplasms including checks were categorized into five distinct clusters, indicates the occurrence of high genetic diversity in the evaluated set of germplasm. Between cluster III and IV highest inter-cluster distance was observed, indicates the maximum diversity among genotypes of these clusters. Considerable differences were observed for cluster mean among different distinct clusters for all the thirteen characters. The hybridization programme involving genotypes from cluster III and cluster IV may be used to isolate suitable segregants. Principal component analysis grouped different traits under study into thirteen principal components (PCs) in which only five PCs with eigen value &gt;1 accounted 70.97% of total variation present in genotypes. The traits falling to these five PCs may be given due importance in field pea improvement programmes.</div>

<div>Multivariate Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Field Pea (Pisum sativum var. arvense)</div>

Background: Water- logging stress is one of the important abiotic stress in pigeon pea crop especially in low lying areas in pigeon pea growing states. Being a rainy season crop, pigeon pea is invariably exposed to intermittent water-logging conditions for different durations from germination to early vegetative growth stages, which damage the crop partially and sometime eliminate the entire crop depending on intensity and duration of water stagnation. The present experiment was conducted to study the morphological characters and yield performance of water logging tolerant and susceptible pigeon pea genotypes so that large number of pigeon pea genotypes for water logging tolerance based on morphological and Physiological parameters standardized might be screened. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: As per approved technical programme, the experiment was conducted with 30 pigeon pea genotypes including checks, these were IPAC-79, ICPL-7035, ICPL-20241, ICPL-87051, ICPL-87091, ICP-2376, ICP-5028, ICPL-149, MA-3, MA-6, NDA-1, IPA-15F, Bahar, IPA-203, IPAC-211, IPAC-202, RCM/DD-17, WB-2019/25, WB-2019/26, WB-2019/27, IPAC-212, IPAWL-22-1, IPAWL-22.2, IPAWL-22-3, IPAWL-22-4, IPAWL- 22-5, IPAWL-22-6, IPAWL-22-7, IPAWL -22-8, IPAWL -22-9. Water logging stress was imposed for 24 h-48h-72h having minimum depth of water 12 inches at 30 DAS with 03 replications and a set of all these genotypes were also sown under normal control condition. Morphological Scoring (0-3) at the end of water logging stress was done. and at harvesting yield attributes and yields were recorded. 
&nbsp;

Result: Morphological Scoring (0-3) at the end of water logging stress showed highest score (0) in genotypes including IPAC-79 (Check for Tolerant) followed by ICPL-87091, ICP-2376, ICPL-20241, IPAC-212, IPAWL-22-7 and IPAWL-22-8 and may be considered as water logging tolerant. Pigeon pea genotypes like ICP-5028, MA-6 and IPAC-202 showed the score of (01) and may be considered as moderately tolerant to water logging stress. Pigeon pea genotypes namely MA-3, NDA-1, IPA-15F, Bahar, IPAC-211, IPA-203, IPAWL-22-6 and IPAWL-22-9 showed moderate score (02) and may be considered as moderately susceptible. The lowest score (03) was recorded in ICPL-87051, ICP-149, RCM/DD-17, WB-2019/25, WB-2019/26, WB-2019/27, IPAWL-22-1, IPAWL-22-2, IPAWL-22-3, IPAWL-22-4 and IPAWL-22-5 and these were at par with ICPL-7035 (Check for susceptibility) and considered susceptible to water logging stress. Development of adventitious roots was observed under water logged condition only and it was recorded highest in genotypes which are water logging tolerant group. In susceptible genotypes no/negligible adventitious roots were found. In yield attributes and yield the reduction % due to water logging stress over normal control was minimum in tolerant/moderately tolerant genotypes whereas, it was found maximum in Susceptible/moderately susceptible group of genotypes.

Physiological Characterization of Pigeon Pea Genotypes [Cajanus cajan (L) Mill sp.]&nbsp; for Water Logging Tolerance

Development of effective and sustainable pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) management methods are required because it causes yield loss of 26% in lentil (Lens culinaris) through direct feeding and indirectly by transmitting several viral diseases. The aim of this study was to verify field resistance of lentil genotypes to pea aphid in locations that had different altitudinal ranges but similar cropping system. A pea aphid susceptible check variety EL-142 and eight resistant lentil genotypes were tested at four locations for four seasons in randomized complete block design with three replications. Seeds were sown in rows at the rate of 65 to 80 kg ha-1 and recommended planting date for each location. Pea aphid was sampled by beating the plants on a board that had six 10 cm x 13 cm (20 cm x 39 cm) rectangles. The seasonal pattern of pea aphid density build up was similar on both resistant and susceptible lentil genotypes.&nbsp; However, in seasons and locations where the pea aphid infestation was severe, the susceptible check had two to four times greater pea aphid density than the pea aphid resistant genotypes. Moreover, the percentage yield reduction was positive for all resistant genotypes and it ranged from 5.5 to 93.9%. The resistant lentil genotypes reduced the pea aphid density and gave higher (up to 1456 kg ha-1)&nbsp; grain yield than the susceptible check (as low as 45 kg ha-1). Thus, the resistant genotypes can be used independently or in combination with other pea aphid management tactics as required.&nbsp;

Development of Lentil (Lens culinaris) Genotypes Resistant to Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under Field Condition&nbsp;&nbsp;

<div>Background: In north India, pigeon pea experiences low temperature stress during winter months (December-January). Information&rsquo;s regarding cold stress and its impact on morphological characters, physio-biochemical processes and yield attributes in pigeon pea crop is very limited. Keeping the above facts in to consideration, the experiment was formulated to screen suitable genotypes of pigeon pea tolerant to cold stress based on morpho-physiological traits and ability to set flower and pods and yield performance.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Field experiments with 98 genotypes of pigeon pea were conducted in augmented design including checks with all recommended cultural practices in 2018-19 and 2019-20 at New Research Farm, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur. Morphological, biochemical and yield parameters were recoded periodically.&nbsp; 
 
Result:&nbsp;Based on the reaction of pigeon pea genotypes against the exposer of cold stress in terms of flower/pod drop and flower/pod retention, cold injury at the apical meristems and post regeneration of apical portion, the genotypes like IPA 15F, Dhule-D, JBT46/27, IPACT-6, IPACT-14, IPAC-1-17, IPACT-68, IPACT-22 showed &gt;90% flower/pod drop and retained only 0-10% flowers/pods, &gt;90% apical damage and &lt;10% recovery of apical portion and were considered highly sensitive to cold stress. Genotypes namely MA-3, IPA 9F, ICP 15-9-1, VKG 27/161, H-26, ICPL 7035, LRG-30, PBT/SSL 2/73, KPL 1034-31, IPA 15-15, KPL 34, ICP 2073, IPACT-5, IPAB 10-66, IPACT-10, IPACT-11, IPAHT-26, IPACT-15, IPAD 2-8, IPACT-16, IPAD-8, IPACT-17, IPAHT-43, IPACT-21 showed &gt;80% flower/pod drop and retained 10-20% flower/pods, &gt;80%apical damage and &lt;20% recovery of apical portion and considered moderately susceptible to cold stress. Genotypes NDA-2, MAL-13, ICP-2275, IPACT-2 showed around 20-40% flower/pod drop and have retained 60-80% flowers/pods, &lt;20% apical damage and&gt;80% recovery of apical portion were considered as the highly tolerant to cold stress. The nitrogen balance index, chlorophyll and flavonols showed higher values in tolerant group whereas lower in susceptible group. The average yield/plant of pigeon pea genotypes tolerant to cold stress is considerably higher than the susceptible group of pigeon pea genotypes.</div>

​Performance of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] Genotypes under Cold Stress

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive seasons of rabi 2011-13 at Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to find out the effect of planting pattern and weed management practices on growth, development and yield of field pea and baby corn in field pea (Pant P-13) + baby corn (Surya) intercropping system. The experiment was laid out in split plot design keeping four planting patterns as main plot and four weed management practices as sub plot with three replications. Most of the growth parameters viz. number of branches per plant, dry matter accumulation (g/plant), crop growth rate and relative growth rate of field pea were comparatively higher under sole planting of field pea as compared to intercropping systems. Sole planting of field pea recorded significantly higher grain (2264 and 1434 kg ha-1) and straw yields (3263 and 2540 kg ha-1) during 2011-12 and 2012-2013 than yield obtained as a component crop in paired planting of maize (30/60 cm) + field pea (2:2) and planting &nbsp;of maize + field pea (1:1). Baby corn yield was similar in sole, paired (2:2) and 1:1 planting but significantly higher stover yield of baby corn (3576 kg ha-1 and 3533 kg ha-1, during 2011-12 and 2012-2013 respectively) was obtained from sole crop than other planting methods during both the years. Hand weeding at 30 days after sowing, pre emergence application of pendimethalin 1 kg ha-1 and post emergence application of imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 30 days after sowing improved all the growth and yield parameters of field pea and baby corn than weedy check .&nbsp;

Growth, development and yield as affected by planting pattern and weed management in field pea and baby corn intercropping system

A Field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, &nbsp;Malnoor (UAS, Raichur) during 2012-13 and 2013-14 to study the post emergence herbicides on the control of grassy weeds in pigeon pea and its residual effect on the following pigeon pea. &nbsp;The experiment consists of &nbsp;eight treatments viz, &nbsp;propaquizafop 10 EC @ 0.05, 0.062, 0.10 and 0.125 kg/ha, &nbsp;phenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3 % at 0.10 kg/ha and imazethapyr at 0.075 kg /ha applied at 2 to 7 leaf stage of grassy weeds. &nbsp;These treatments were compared with hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 days after sowing and weedy check. &nbsp; The data revealed that Imazethapyr @ &nbsp;0.075 kg/ha and hand weeding recorded the highest grain yield of 1683 kg/ha and 1521 kg/ha, respectively. The net best treatment &nbsp;was propaquizafop @ 0.062 kg/ha (1372 kg/ha) and further increase in the dose did not had any beneficial effect. &nbsp;These treatments controlled both the monocot weed species, &nbsp;Dinebra retroflexa &nbsp;and &nbsp;Echinochloa &nbsp;colonum &nbsp;very effectively and had no residual effect on the following pigeon pea.&nbsp;

Evaluation of post emergence herbicides on grass weeds in &nbsp;pigeon pea and its bioassay on following crop

A field investigation was carried out during winter season of 2011-12 and 2012-13 at IARI Regional Station, Karnal (Haryana) to evaluate the effect of pre and post emergence herbicides on weeds, seed yield and seed quality of garden pea cv. Pusa Pragati. The twelve treatments viz. imazethapyr 50, 75 and 100g ha-1 (20DAS), pendimethalin 0.75 and 1.50kg ha-1  (pre-emergence), trifluralin 1.00 and 1.50kg ha-1  (PPI), ready mixture of imazethapyr and imazamox 50, 70 and 90g ha-1  (20DAS), hand weeding twice (20 and 45 DAS) and unweeded check were tested in randomized block design with three replications. The treatments hand weeding twice and imazethapyr @ 75g and 100g ha-1 recorded significantly higher pods per plant, seeds per pod, pod filling, 100 seed weight and seed yield than other herbicidal treatments and unweedy check. These treatments also recorded lower weed dry weight and higher weed control efficiency than other treatments. It may be inferred from the present investigation that in addition to hand weeding twice, post emergence herbicide imazethapyr @ 75g ha-1 (20DAS) can be used effectively as an alternative for controlling weeds and in obtaining optimum seed yield and quality in garden pea under Karnal (Haryana) conditions.


Effect of pre and post emergence herbicides on weeds and  seed yield of garden pea

<div style="text-align: justify;">In order to best exploit the available genetic wealth in the crop, the information would have paramount important. Therefore, this study was conceived to examine the variability and determines the relative importance of primary and secondary traits as selection criteria to improve productivity. Field pea (Pisum sativum L. var. arvense) is amongst the most important legume crop of India. The experimental material comprised of 120 field pea germplasm including 40 indigenous and 10 exotic collections of pea and 4 check varieties viz., HUDP-15, HFP-4, HUP-2, Rachna. Five competitive plants from each plot were randomly selected for recording observations for all the quantitative characters except days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity, which were recorded on line basis. In present study a strong and positive association of seed yield per plant observed with harvest index, biological yield per plant, plant height, number of seeds per pod, number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight. Days to maturity and number of seeds per pod showed positive correlation with days to 50 per cent flowering and number of primary branches per plant respectively. Days to maturity and 100-seed weight and number of pods per plant showed weak association with seed yield per plant in positive direction. Thus, these characters emerged as most vital component traits and associated positively with seed yield per plant.</div>

Rhizobium sp.CCNWYC119: a single strain highly effective as biofertilizer for three different peas (Pigeon pea, Sweet pea and Chick pea)

Residual Effect of Foliar Application of Nano Fertlizers and Organic Source of Nitrogen on the Productivity and Economics of Zero Tilled Green Pea in Rice-green Pea Cropping Sequence

Multivariate Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Field Pea (Pisum sativum var. arvense)

Physiological Characterization of Pigeon Pea Genotypes [Cajanus cajan (L) Mill sp.] for Water Logging Tolerance

Development of Lentil (Lens culinaris) Genotypes Resistant to Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under Field Condition

Performance of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] Genotypes under Cold Stress

Growth, development and yield as affected by planting pattern and weed management in field pea and baby corn intercropping system

Evaluation of post emergence herbicides on grass weeds in pigeon pea and its bioassay on following crop

Effect of pre and post emergence herbicides on weeds and seed yield of garden pea

Estimation of correlation coefficient among yield and attributing traits of field pea (Pisum sativum L.)