The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity stress on growth of Cassia italica and role of gamma amminobutyric acid (GABA) in mitigating the salt stress induced damaging effects. Antioxidant activity, level of endogenous growth hormones and other biochemical parameters were evaluated. Salt stress enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in the enhanced lipid peroxidation which was however reduced by application of GABA. Increased lipid peroxidation in salt stressed plants caused an obvious reduction in the total lipid content as compared to GABA treated plants. The antioxidant enzymes were higher in GABA treated plants which indicated a reduction of oxidative damage.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;The concentrations of growth hormones like indole acetic acid (IAA), indole butyric acid (IBA), gibberellic acid-1 (GA1), and gibberellic acid-4 (GA4) were reduced by salt stress, while enhanced by GABA treatment. In addition GABA treated plants maintained lower levels of sodium and chloride ions as compared to salt stressed plants. It could be concluded that toxic effects of salt stress on growth, antioxidant system, hormones and mineral nutrients in Cassia italica could be alleviated by exogenous application of GABA.

Protective role of gamma amminobutyric acid on&nbsp;Cassia italica Mill under salt stress

<div>Background: Medicinal plants were used for traditional treatments in curing numerous human diseases since thousands of years in many parts of the world. In rural areas of the developing countries, many plants are used as the primary source of medicine. Cassia auriculata L. is one type of plant which provides health and nutrition promoting compounds in human diet. The present experiment was carried out at Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Community Science, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar during the year 2021-2022 to analyze different nutritional parameters of Cassia auriculata flowers by using standard methods. 
 
Methods: To analyze different nutritional parameters of Cassia auriculata flowers by using standard methods during the year 2021-2022. 
 
Result: The result showed the total antioxidant content of Cassia auriculata flowers were found to be high i.e., 553.5 &micro;g/100 g, the flavonoids and total phenols content of Cassia auriculata flowers were 310 mg of QE/100 gm and 265.12 mg of GAE/100 gm and the high amount of antinutrient such as, oxalates (64.55 mg/100 g), phytates (28.70 mg/100 g) and tannin (1.92 Mg TAE/100 g) also present. It was also rich in physico-chemical properties such as moisture (12.37%), protein (10.54%), ash (7.15%), iron (190.50 mg/kg), fiber (2.08%) and zinc (18.35 mg/kg). Due to their nutritional quality, it is used for the treatment of urinary tract disorders, conjunctivitis, pain and liver diseases etc.</div>

Nutritional Composition of Cassia Auriculata Flowers

Background: This study aimed to investigate the variations in constituents, physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum cassia bark essential oils from three selected regions of Vietnam (Yen Bai, Quang Ngai and Kon Tum). 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Gas chromatography- Mass spectroscopy was employed for the analysis of essential oils extracted by hydro-distillation. Physicochemical properties were analyzed per standard test methods (AOAC). The antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum cassia bark essential oils against ten different microbial strains was assayed by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values employing the broth macro-dilution and inoculation methods. 
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Result: The Cinnamomum cassia bark essential oil from Quang Ngai was recorded to be the highest yield (2.600 &plusmn; 0.037%), followed by Kon Tum essential oil (1.505 &plusmn; 0.045%) and Yen Bai essential oil (1.315 &plusmn; 0.136%). GC-MS analysis revealed the extremely high content of trans-cinnamaldehyde present in Cinnamomum cassia bark essential oils from Kon Tum (96.07%), followed by Yen Bai essential oil (94.72%) and Quang Ngai essential oil (94.06%). There were generally no significant differences in physicochemical parameters among the three essential oils tested; however, variations in antibacterial activity against ten studied microbial strains have been documented in terms of MIC and MBC values. These findings confirmed the high quality of Cinnamomum cassia bark essential oils from three selected provinces but varying in MIC and MBC values against ten studied microbial strains. 
&nbsp;

Comparison of Chemical Profile and Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamomum cassia Bark Essential Oil from Three different Vietnamese Provinces&nbsp;

Background: Cassia auriculata, L., is an imperative medicinal and traditional neutral colour leaf hair dye yielding in India. This is a multipurpose and indigenous, perennial leguminous shrub and widely used as traditional medicine to cure diabetics by the rural peoples. Tanner&rsquo;s cassia is also used as neutral henna and its yields natural golden blonde colouring to hair through the dried leaf powder. Young buds are used for yellow colour dye extraction by textile industries. Screening of high tolerance and best performing genotypes is highly essential in this imperative woody legume shrub to rehabilitate the mass erosion prone gullied and ravine lands for productive purpose of the wasteland and degraded lands. 
 
Methods: Thirty different accessions of Cassia auriculata were assembled and numbered from CA-1 to CA-30 from arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan (India). The experimental trial was conducted at ICAR-IISWC, Research Centre, Kota-Rajasthan, India during 2019-2022. After evaluation, CA-4 genotype was selected as an elite genotype. The elite genotype was used for high density plantation development with resource conservation for green cover development in non-arable ravine lands.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: Genetic variation studies of Cassia auriculata indicated that considerable and significant variability, abundant morphometric variations in assembled genotype progenies. Further, genetic divergence analysis was also revealed that nine clusters segregated from 30 genotypes. Thirty genotypes were grouped into nine clusters according overall performance with geographical identity. Finally, C. auriculata (CA-4) genotype was identified and selected as an elite genotype based on its overall superiority in terms of plant growth, higher green biomass, leaf litter biomass, more number branching behaviour and plant coppicing ability which are directly relevant and imperative in soil erosion control, resource conservation and potential rehabilitation effect in resource poor dry regions of non-arable lands.

Genetic Divergence Studies among Indigenous Accessions of Cassia auriculata (L.) Roxb., through Screening and Utilization for Chambal Ravine Rehabilitation

Background: This study was intended to investigate the prospective role of Cassia alata extract as an anticoccidial, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective agent against Eimeria papillata parasitic infection. Therefore, this study was intended to investigate the potential role of Cassia alata extract as an anticoccidial, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective agent against Eimeria papillata parasitic infection. 
 
Methods: For this investigation, a total of 25 male swiss albino mice were allocated into 5 equal groups. Group ∣: negative control (Cont), Group &Pi;: administrated with Cassia alata extract (CE) at a dosage of 500 mg/kg body weight, Group &exist;: infected group with E. papillata (Inf), Group IV: infected-treated with Cassia alata extract (Inf-CE) at a dosage of 500 mg/kg body weight and Group V: infected-treated with amprolium at a dosage of 120 mg/kg body weight (Drug). Mice were infected orally with an approximate 1&times;103 E. papillata sporulated oocysts excluding ∣ and &Pi; groups. One-hour post infection, mice of groups IV and V were received the recommended doses of treatments orally once a day for 5 sequential days. Upon treatment for 5 days, all mice were sacrificed and growth performance, histopathological, histochemical and oxidative stress assessments were examined. 
 
Result: An enhancement in body weight (-2.33&plusmn;0.58%) and feed intake (130.33&plusmn;4.51 grams) in relation to the body weight (-4.67&plusmn;0.58%) and feed intake (98.00&plusmn;4.36 grams) of the Inf group was observed. Improvements in liver structure alterations induced by E. papillata was recorded with a noticeable increase in its carbohydrates (6.04&plusmn;0.45%) and protein (12.46&plusmn;1.13%) content. Moreover, considerable reduction in hepatic nitric oxide (59.13&plusmn;4.59 Umol/g) and malonaldehyde (22.07&plusmn;1.20 nmol/mg) and an elevation in glutathione (18.20&plusmn;1.79 ng/mg) and glutathione peroxidase (111.53&plusmn;8.95 ng/mg) were documented. In summary, CE treatment could significantly ameliorate liver injury, oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions caused by E. papillata parasitic infection.

Cassia alata Extract Exerts Antioxidant Power to Mitigate Eimeria papillata-Induced Liver Damage in Mice

Background: Cassia fistula L., a flowering plant of the leguminous family (Fabaceae), has been explored for its potential in synthesizing silver nanoparticles. This plant is known for its medicinal properties, making it a promising candidate for applications in nanobiotechnology. 
 
Methods: The researchers employed a combination of hot and cold extraction procedures to synthesize silver nanoparticles using seed extracts of C.fistula. The identity and characteristics of these nanoparticles were verified through various techniques, including chromatography, imaging microscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Biological activities such as antioxidant and antibacterial properties were tested. For antioxidant activity, a reaction mixture consisting of 50 &mu;l of seed extract and 5 ml of a 0.04% (w/v) DPPH solution was used. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes at concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml of AgNPs. Additionally, the antibiofilm effect and hemolysis impact were studied. 
 
Result: The synthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrated significant biological activities, including antioxidant and antibacterial effects. The diameters of the zones of inhibition for P.aeruginosa at a concentration of 1 mg/ml were 20 mm for cold extract and 18 mm for E.coli using hot extract. These findings highlight the potential of C. fistula as a sustainable source for environmentally friendly nanomaterials, contributing to advancements in medical and environmental sciences. Finally, the use of silver nanoparticles from Cassia fistula encourages sustainable and productive agricultural practices, by improving plant health and yield, potentially revolutionizing agricultural methods. 
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Bioactive Nanoparticles from Cassia fistula L. Seed Aqueous Extract: Assessment of Multiple Biological Activities

<div>Background: Cassia angustifolia Vahl, senna, known for medicinal properties belongs to family fabacea is a hardy plant, suitable for saline and rainfed conditions serving as a host for caterpillars of Catopsilia pyranthe L. butterflies suffering up to 90 per cent defoliation. An attempt was made to record butterfly migrations due to an outbreak of the lepidopteron pest on senna which is the first report on butterfly migration in western arid region. 
 
Methods: Surveys made in different districts for accurate quantification of butterflies passing within 5 minute through a 10 meter wide strip. For diurnal pattern, observations were taken on hourly basis. Correlation of butterfly density with weather parameters was worked out. 
 
Result: Migration was mainly in South West direction in a steady line connecting Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Pali, Sirohi and Ajmer. The highest density (1360 butterflies/10m/5 minute) accounting for 16,320.0 butterflies/10m/hour and 97,920.0 butterflies/10m/day recorded in Keru (Jodhpur) representing bell shape curve of diurnal movement with a maximum activity between &nbsp;12.00 noon and 1.00 PM.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Outbreak of Catopsilia pyranthe L. on Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl) and Migration in Western Arid Region of India</div>

<div>Background: Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is the second-most widely planted species of millet. It is known for its health benefits. Laddu are ball-shaped sweets popular in the Indian Subcontinent.&nbsp;Laddus are made of flour, ghee and sugar with other ingredients that vary by recipe. They are often served at festive or religious occasions. Hence, an attempt was made to develop foxtail millet based value added laddu.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Optimization of foxtail millet flour, ghee, sugar and roasting time was carried out. Sensory evaluation was done by nine point hedonic scale.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Standardization trials indicated that acceptable foxtail millet laddu could be developed by incorporating 50 per cent foxtail millet flour, 50 per cent bengal gram dhal flour, 45 per cent ghee, 75 per cent sugar powder and 40 minutes of roasting time in the standard laddu recipe. Physical and descriptive qualities of prepared laddus were also carried out. The nine-point hedonic scale was used for sensory evaluation. The developed foxtail millet laddu was highly accepted.</div>

​Development of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) based Laddu

<div>Backround: Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is known for its health benefits as it is nutritionally superior to conventional food grains. Laddu are ball-shaped sweets which are popular in India and are often served at festive or religious occasions. Hence, an attempt was made to develop foxtail millet based value added laddu. 
 
Methods: Besan laddu was taken as control. Optimized foxtail millet laddu were nutritionally evaluated for proximate composition, sugars and minerals. Paired &lsquo;t&rsquo; test was used to compare the physical parameters and nutrient composition of besan and foxtail millet laddu. 
 
Result: The developed foxtail millet laddu had the 11.61, 17.52, 2.64, 1.11 and 66.85% per 100g of protein, fat, crude fibre, ash and carbohydrate respectively. There was no significant difference in sugar composition between the control and the optimised laddu. However, it was observed that the calcium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese of foxtail millet laddu were high as compared to control laddu.</div>

​Development and Nutritional Evaluation of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) based Laddu

Background: In the modern day, breeding techniques that use physical and chemical mutagens to induce mutation in a variety of plants are quite effective in increasing the crop&rsquo;s economic worth through genetic alteration. 
 
Methods: Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] seeds were subjected to a range of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) concentrations, from 0.2% to 0.9%, to produce genetic variability in the current study. The data were recorded in germination paper, pot culture and field conditions for genetic variations. 
 
Result: The&nbsp;mutant 1 (M1)&nbsp;generation&nbsp;of&nbsp;foxtail&nbsp;millet&nbsp;showed&nbsp;differences&nbsp;in&nbsp;seed&nbsp;germination&nbsp;percentage seedling&nbsp;height,&nbsp;seedling&nbsp;damage and&nbsp;plant&nbsp;survival&nbsp;at&nbsp;maturity. The study revealed that 0.2% EMS was the optimal dose for inducing desirable mutations, achieving high seed germination (87.96%), minimal seedling injury (5.49%) and enhanced survival (83.73%). This treatment improved key traits like productive tillers, flag leaf length and panicle length, while reducing plant height (7.10 cm), favouring early maturity. Higher EMS doses (0.3% and 0.4%) induced excessive injury (30.34% and 50.19%) and reduced survival, making them less effective. Overall, 0.2% EMS demonstrated superior mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness, offering potential for enhancing desirable traits in foxtail millet breeding. 
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Protective role of gamma amminobutyric acid on Cassia italica Mill under salt stress

Nutritional Composition of Cassia Auriculata Flowers

Comparison of Chemical Profile and Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamomum cassia Bark Essential Oil from Three different Vietnamese Provinces

Genetic Divergence Studies among Indigenous Accessions of Cassia auriculata (L.) Roxb., through Screening and Utilization for Chambal Ravine Rehabilitation

Cassia alata Extract Exerts Antioxidant Power to Mitigate Eimeria papillata-Induced Liver Damage in Mice

Bioactive Nanoparticles from Cassia fistula L. Seed Aqueous Extract: Assessment of Multiple Biological Activities

Outbreak of Catopsilia pyranthe L. on Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl) and Migration in Western Arid Region of India

Development of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) based Laddu

Development and Nutritional Evaluation of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) based Laddu

Effect of Chemical Mutagen on Growth Parameters of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.) in M1 Generation