<div style="text-align: justify;">Colonisation and infection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato is governed not only by host resistance but also by its interactions with other phylloplane bacterial colonizers. In the present study, reduced disease symptoms were observed as a result of interaction between P. syringae pv. tomato and Klebsiella pneumoniae, a predominant human enteric pathogen colonising phyllosphere. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants raised under controlled aseptic conditions were divided into 4 groups of 25 plants each and treated as follows: Group 1- inoculated with P. syringae pv. tomato; Group 2- inoculated with K. pneumoniae; Group 3- combination of P. syringae pv. tomato and K. pneumoniae (1:1); Group 4- Distilled water (control). Sampled leaves from the above groups were analysed at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post inoculation for the activity of cytoplasmic Peroxidase (POX), Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Disease incidence was recorded in treated as well as leaves emerging after 2 weeks of inoculation. Plants treated with P. syringae pv. tomato had maximum disease incidence while no infection was observed in control and those inoculated with K. pneumoniae alone. Inoculation of plants with combination of both microbes could substantially reduce the disease severity. The results thus demonstrate that K. pneumoniae, a common HEP on plant surfaces, reduces the ability of P. syringae pv. tomato to colonise the host.</div>

Effect of Klebsiella pneumoniae on speck disease development in Solanum lycopersicum

<div>Background: Respiratory diseases in calves are causing worldwide economic losses for the beef industry. This study was planned to determine the serum protein fractions and A/G ratio in calves with clinically diagnosed pneumonia, and evaluate the possibility uses of these parameters as clinical diagnostic parameters. 
 
Methods: The 34 calves with respiratory system problems and 10 healthy calves without clinical pneumonia symptoms were used as materials. The obtained serum samples were used for total protein and serum protein electrophoresis. 
 
Result: Albumin, &alpha;1-globulin percentages and A/G ratio decreased in the patient group (p&le;0.01), other globulin fractions were higher in the patient group (p&le;0.01), for % g values. According to concentration results, it was found that while albumin did not show a significant difference, &alpha;1-globulin (p&le;0.05) and A / G ratio (p&le;0.01) decreased in the patient group. In addition, other globulin fractions and total protein levels were higher in patient groups (p&le;0.01). As a result, the serum protein fractions should be evaluated as a useful biochemical blood parameter for diagnosis and follow up of lung diseases especially in calves.</div>

Determination of Blood Serum Protein Fractions of Calves with Clinically Diagnosed Pneumonia

<div>Background:&nbsp;Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are two important commensals with pathogenic potentiality in animals and birds, causing intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. These are somewhat zoonotic too via different routes. So, the present study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of these two bacteria from cloaca and environment of ducks from different districts of West Bengal, followed by detailed characterization and antibiogram. 
 
Methods: Around 197 duck and environmental samples were collected from different districts of West Bengal. E. coli and K. pneumoniae were isolated from collected samples as per standard methods followed by serotyping of the E. coli isolates. The detection of ESBL/ACBL producing isolates was done both phenotypically and genotypically by detecting the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes. Virulence property and biofilm-producing ability of these isolates were also studied. Antibiogram of the ESBL and biofilm positive isolates were done using common 12 antibiotics by disc diffusion method.&nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 134(68.02%) Escherichia coli and 33(16.75%) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were recovered and confirmed by PCR. The prevalence of E. coli and K. pneumoniae in cloacal swabs were less in comparison to the environmental samples (72.09% and 20.93%). Approx. 79.85% E. coli and 72.73% K. pneumoniae isolates were found to be the ESBL/ACBL producers in vitro. E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates possessed all major antibiotic-resistant genes with the blaAmpC (64.18% &amp; 48.48%) being the most prevalent one. Twenty three (17.16%) E. coli isolates were found positive for the virulence genes, of which stx1 (39.13%) was the most common one as detected by multiplex PCR. No virulence gene was found in K. pneumoniae isolates. Ninety one (67.91%) E. coli and 26(78.79%) K. pneumoniae isolates possessed the biofilm-producing genes. All the ESBL and biofilms producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates showed 100% - 95.24% resistance to ampicillin. A high percentage of resistances were also seen against cefotaxime, ticarcillin/ clavulanic acid, ertapenem, ceftazidime, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, which may be due to several reasons. Maximum overall sensitivity was detected against chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and gentamicin.</div>

Detection and Characterization of &beta;​-lactamases and Biofilm-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Ducks and Duck Environments in West Bengal

A total of &nbsp;86 strains Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from swine were collected to analysis the molecular genetic characteristic by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The eURST software was used to evaluate the results of MLST. The results indicated that all isolates clustered into 14 ST types(STs). ST106 (including 3 strians) and ST23 (including 2 strians) were single branch. Other 12 ST types belong to the CC258 clonal complex. This study showed that klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from swine in this region has some genetic diversity and the main types were ST258 clone complex, it may be transfered between swine and human.&nbsp;

Multilocus sequence typing analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from swine

Background: Making animal models is important before research involving human diseases. This study aimed to prepare animal models of pneumonia through the intranasal technique with a focus on the effect of the dose of Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) and incubation period on diagnosing pneumonia. We use male Wistar rats 6-8 weeks, 200-300 grams as much as 64 that appropriate the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 
 
Methods: The research method was the pre-posttest group design to prove the creation of a Wistar Rat pneumonia model based on the dose and incubation time for diagnosing Pneumonia. There were On days 1 to 5, each of the 4 rats underwent a thoracic radiography (CXR) 64 rats model divided into 4 groups, N: 4 healthy; T1, T2 and T3 groups of rats were inoculated with 25, 50 and 100 &micro;L of 0.5 McFarland intranasal Kp solution. A group of rats was then sacrificed, followed by retrobulbar blood collection (leukocyte-neutrophil count) and bacterial count/NaCL and lung tissue was taken histopathology and bacterial count/Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). The independent variables were the dose of Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) and the incubation period. The statistical analysis of the correlation of dose of bacteria, incubation time with leucocyte and neutrophils used One Way Anova, Kruskal Wallis if the data were abnormally distributed. The correlation is the dose of Kp, incubation period with chest radiography, histopathology, blood bacterial count (BBC) and pulmonary bacterial count (PBC) using the Chi-square test. 
 
Result: The results showed that the dose of Kp was positively and significantly correlated with the neutrophil count (p=0.030) and the histopathology (p=0.000). Similarly, the incubation period was positively and significantly correlated with chest radiography (p=0.000) and histopathology (p=0.013).

Wistar Rat Pneumonia Model: Bacterial Dose, Incubation Time, Inoculation Technique and Laboratory Examination Parameters

<div style="text-align: justify;">Mycoplasma bovis is an important etiologic agent of bovine respiratory infection and predominantly causing chronic pneumonic lesion. The present study encompassed standardized pathological, immunohistological and molecular technique for diagnosing natural bovine pneumonic cases with Mycoplasma bovis associated lesions. During the study, examination of 87 carcasses putatively died of pneumonia where Mycoplasma bovis was ascertained in two bovine female calves by immunohistological staining and Polymerase chain reaction. The specific pathological lesions were noted as chronic bronchopneumonia with mild to moderate caseonecrotic lesion and suppurative bronchopneumonia typical of Pasteurella infection. The other bacterial organism associated with these cases was found to be of Pasteurella multocida detected on isolation. No viral etiological association was detected in immunohistological examination in respect of bovine parainfluenza type 3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. The result also revealed that M bovis infection may develop into a severe necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia when associated with high numbers of intralesional organism and into mild catarrhal bronchointerstitial pneumonia when associated with low numbers of organism.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Pathological description of naturally occurring Mycoplasma bovis associated pneumonia in bovine calves</div>

<div>Background: Antibiotic resistance is an emerging concern in the therapy of clinical infections worldwide. Previous studies conducted in our laboratory have confirmed an increase in the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) among the Gram-negative bacterial pathogens associated with dogs, which could act as a potential source for the transfer of these resistant pathogens or their genetic determinants to human. Since carbapenems are the last resort drugs against these resistant pathogens, the study was aimed to isolate and characterise carbapenem resistance among Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) associated with common clinical infections in dogs. 
 
Methods: A total of 100 samples were collected from lesional skin, urine and anterior vagina of dogs presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University at Mannuthy and Thrissur. The samples were cultured onto Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHIA), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) and Mac Conkey (MAC) for isolation of bacteria. Identification of the isolates was performed based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test (ABST) against the 12 commonly used beta-lactam and non&ndash;beta-lactam group of antibiotics by disc diffusion method and further subjected to screening for ESBL double disc diffusion method. Carbapenem-resistant isolates were subjected to phenotypic confirmatory test for carbapenemase production employing Imipenem-EDTA and Ertapenem-boronic acid minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) strip method. 
 
Result: Forty four Gram-negative bacterial isolates obtained were viz., E. coli (30), K. pneumonia (11) and P. aeruginosa (3) from the 100 samples. Apart from these, other isolates obtained were Staphylococcus spp. (53) and Bacillus spp. (2). All the Gram-negative isolates were subjected to ABST employing 12 common antibiotics belonging to beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam groups. Multidrug resistance (MDR) could be observed in 28 E. coli, 11 K. pneumoniae and three P. aeruginosa isolates. All the 42 MDR isolates showed positive results for ESBL production. A total of 14 isolates out of the 44 Gram-negative bacilli were found to be resistant to carbapenem either to imipenem, meropenem or ertapenem. Among the 14 Gram-negative isolates, nine turned out to be positive for metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) and none for K. penumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) on phenotypic confirmatory test for detecting major carbapenemase enzymes. The present study documented that Gram- negative bacteria like E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa isolated from dogs are showing an increase rate of resistance against carbapenems which are the last resort drugs against ESBL producers. Hence, there is an urgent need to curb the irrational and excessive use of antibiotics in veterinary sector.</div>

<div>Phenotypic Characterisation of Klebseilla pneumoniae Carbapenemase and Metallo Beta-lactamase in Carbapenem Resistant Gram-negative Bacteria</div>

Background: Mycoplasmal pneumonia causes severe economic loss in goat farms due to loss of production performance and mortality. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is an important pathogen causing mycoplasmal pneumonia in small ruminants. The present research work was carried out to study the pathomorphological alterations associated with M. ovipneumoniae infection in an organized goat farm. 
 
Methods: The research work was carried out in an organized goat farm having history of respiratory illness with mortality and suspected for mycoplasmal pneumonia. Samples from ailing animals and dead animals were collected for investigation. Tissue samples from lungs, trachea, mediastinal lymph nodes and swabs from lungs, trachea and pleural fluid were collected during postmortem examination and subjected to laboratory examination. 
 
Result: The samples were confirmed to be positive for M. ovipneumoniae infection by PCR using specific primers. The clinical signs of M. ovipneumoniae infection observed were anorexia, mucopurulent nasal discharge, coughing, increased body temperature, respiratory distress and death in severely affected animals. In the present study, 10 animals exhibited clinical signs and 3 animals died out of 10 animals. Necropsy lesions observed in lungs were fibrinous adhesions, severe consolidation of left lung and blackish discoloration of right lung. Histopathologically, lesions in lungs were characterized by widespread congestion, presence of inflammatory cells, widened interlobular septa with fibrin and inflammatory cells. Congestion of bronchioles and presence of pinkish fibrinous exudate within the bronchiolar lumen were observed. From the present study it is concluded that M. ovipneumoniae infection causes severe pathology of respiratory organs and mortality in goats under stressful conditions like long transport.

Pathomorphology of Mycoplasmal Pneumonia Associated with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Infection in an Organized Goat Farm

<div>Background: The study was conducted to establish the utility of radiography in the diagnosis of lung diseases in cattle and its correlation with different pneumonia diagnosed on the basis of TBA cytology. 
 
Methods: Lateral chest radiography and tracheo-bronchial wash was performed in control (n=21) and diseased group (n=55). Diseased group included cattle presented with respiratory signs and diagnosed with pulmonary diseases on the basis of history, physical and clinical examination and tracheo-bronchial wash cytology. Cytologic diagnosis was established as chronic pneumonia (n=24), acute pneumonia (n=18), tuberculosis (n=5) and aspiration pneumonia (n=8). Survivability was also correlated with lung patterns in diseased cattle. 
 
Result: Nodular interstitial pattern (27.3%), unstructured interstitial pattern (25.4%), bronchial pattern (20.0%), pleural effusions (12.7%), mixed lung patterns (10.9%) and miliary interstitial pattern (4.54%) was observed in diseased group. Unstructured interstitial pattern and pleural effusions were most evident in acute pneumonia. The radiographic findings in aspiration pneumonia did not correlate well with cytologic findings. Highest survivability was recorded in cows with bronchial pattern (81.8%) and lowest in miliary interstitial pattern (zero per cent).</div>

Radiographic Changes vis-&agrave;-vis Tracheo-bronchial Aspirate Cytology Profile in Pneumonic Cattle

Background:&nbsp;Mannheimia is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, non-spore forming and non-motile bacteria belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae. Caprine bacterial pneumonia is most often caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (previously known as Pasteurella haemolytica) and Pasteurella multocida which are more frequently associated with the outbreak of acute pneumonia and death of goats, particularly young once. Mannhemia is an opportunistic pathogen that particularly inhabits the nasopharynx and tonsils of goat and sheep. The present study was aimed to study Mannheimiosis in Guwahati, Assam in order to diagnose and control the disease among goats. 
 
Methods: The present investigation was conducted during the year 2021-2022 in Guwahati, Assam. A total of 51 pneumonic lung samples were collected from nearby slaughter houses and during necropsy at Department of Pathology, C.V.Sc., A.A.U., Khanapara, Guwahati-22. All the samples were subjected to primary isolation in blood agar and MacConkey&#39;s agar and further confirmation was made using PCR. 
 
Result: Out of total 51 pneumonic lung samples examined seven (13.72%) cases were found positive for Mannheimia haemolytica infection where 5 cases were found to be associated with other respiratory pathogens.&nbsp;Visible gross lesions observed during necropsy were broncho-interstitial pneumonia, suppurative pneumonia and fibrinous pneumonia with hemorrhagic tracheitis. Histopathological examination revealed presence of characteristic oat cells, intravascular thrombosis, fibrin balls, oedema, necrosis and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration in the lungs. Bacteriological culture for isolation and identification of Mannheimia haemolytica showed &beta; haemolytic zone on MLA plates. Confirmatory diagnosis was made using PCR targeting 16s rRNA gene with amplicon size 1500 bp and Lkt gene with amplicon size 206 bp. The phylogenetic analysis of 16s rRNA gene from positive sample showed percent identity of above 97% with other strains of Mannheimia haemolytica present in NCBI website. The variability in the lesions observed in the present study it can be concluded that a mixed infection with reduced resistance of the animals contributed to the development of pneumonia rather than Mannheimia haemolytica alone and PCR can be used as reliable technique for confirmatory diagnosis of respiratory mannheimiosis.

Effect of Klebsiella pneumoniae on speck disease development in Solanum lycopersicum

Determination of Blood Serum Protein Fractions of Calves with Clinically Diagnosed Pneumonia

Detection and Characterization of β-lactamases and Biofilm-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Ducks and Duck Environments in West Bengal

Multilocus sequence typing analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from swine

Wistar Rat Pneumonia Model: Bacterial Dose, Incubation Time, Inoculation Technique and Laboratory Examination Parameters

Pathological description of naturally occurring Mycoplasma bovis associated pneumonia in bovine calves

Phenotypic Characterisation of Klebseilla pneumoniae Carbapenemase and Metallo Beta-lactamase in Carbapenem Resistant Gram-negative Bacteria

Pathomorphology of Mycoplasmal Pneumonia Associated with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Infection in an Organized Goat Farm

Radiographic Changes vis-à-vis Tracheo-bronchial Aspirate Cytology Profile in Pneumonic Cattle

Pathomorphological and Molecular Studies of Respiratory Mannheimiosis in Goats