<div style="text-align: justify;">According to &lsquo;the Regulation of Reporting of Notifiable Animal Diseases in Turkey&rsquo;, the valid diagnosis for Brucellosis in livestock, which is in the list of notifiable animal diseases, is the isolation and identification of Brucellae as the gold standard as mentioned in &lsquo;the Regulation of the Fight with Brucella&rsquo;. In the context of &lsquo;The Brucellosis Control and Eradication Program&rsquo; in Turkey, where mass vaccination is practised as a part of this program in livestock, serological diagnosis is not considered to be valid except for Brucella free herds. While most of the current molecular techniques can differentiate Brucella organism at the genus level, they generally cannot make differentiation at the biovar-level. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the most prevalent Brucella biovars and the biovar distribution of Brucella isolates from the abort cases of livestock between 2010 and 2015 in Turkey. In this study, 5203 Brucella field isolates sent to our laboratory from different parts of Turkey for Brucella species and biovar identification between 2010 and 2015 were biotyped through conventional biotyping procedures. According to the results showing the percentages of dominant biovars causing brucellosis in livestock, the most common biovar was B. abortus biovar-3 in cattle and B.melitensis biovar-3 in sheep and goats. Vaccine strains isolated from goats were not included in biovar distribution &nbsp;in this study.</div>

Biovar distribution of Brucella strains isolated from livestock in Turkey&nbsp;between 2010-2015

<div>Background: Pasteurella multocida is a heterogeneous species and opportunistic pathogen associated with pneumonia in cattle. Losses due to pneumonia and associated expenses are estimated to be higher in Ethiopia with limited information about the distribution of capsular serotypes. Hence, this study was designed to determine the biotypes and capsular serotypes of P. multocida from pneumonic cases of cattle. 
 
Methods: A cross-sectional study with a purposive sampling method was employed in 400 cattle from April 2018 to January 2019. Nasopharyngeal swabs and lung tissue samples were collected from clinically suspected pneumonic cases of calves (n = 170) and adult cattle (n = 230). Samples were analyzed using the bacteriological and molecular assay. 
 
Result: Bacteriological analysis revealed isolation of 61 (15.25%) P. multocida subspecies multocida. Molecular assay targeting KMT1 gene (~460 bp) confirmed P. multocida species. Capsular typing revealed the presence of serogroup A (hyaD-hyaC) gene (~1044 bp) and serogroup D (dcbF) gene (~657 bp) in 56 (91.80%) and 5 (8.20%) isolates, respectively. Isolation of P. multocida A:3 highlights its prevalence in the study areas. Therefore, the current finding suggests further comprehensive studies on P. multocida capsular types and microbial diversity of respiratory infection in cattle to design an effective control strategy.</div>

<div>Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of the Capsular Serotypes of Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Pneumonic Cases of Cattle in Ethiopia</div>

Biovar distribution of Brucella strains isolated from livestock in Turkey between 2010-2015

Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of the Capsular Serotypes of Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Pneumonic Cases of Cattle in Ethiopia