<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was aimed to see the faecal bacterial fingerprints of pigs applying terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Sixteen crossbred (Large White Yorkshire X desi) grower pigs (body weight of 15.8&plusmn;1.1 kg), were divided into four groups (control, antibiotic, herbal residue and prebiotic) with four in each treatment. T-RFLP analysis revealed comparable bacterial abundance in control - antibiotic and herbal residue - prebiotic groups. Abundance of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (an antibiotic resistant pathogen) was higher in antibiotic supplemented pigs. Number of significantly responded operational taxonomic units (OTU) was higher in herbal residue and prebiotic supplemented pigs than control or antibiotic pigs. Bacterial abundance was significantly higher in pigs supplemented with prebiotic, followed by herbal residue, antibiotic, and control. The abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Sarcina maxima, Bacteroidetes sp., Cetobacterium somerae, Selenomonas sputigera, Fecalibacterium prausnitzi were significantly higher in prebiotic groups. The present findings established that herbal residue and prebiotic are alternative to feed antibiotic in pigs.&nbsp;</div>

Bacterial fingerprinting of faecal samples of pigs supplemented with plant sourced feed additives &nbsp;

<div>Background: Bacterial mastitis in cows is a huge challenge to the dairy cattle breeding and production industry. This study examined the relationship between mastitis and bacterial diversity at different sampling sites in dairy farms.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA V4 region was used to analyze the abundance and diversity of bacterial population sampled from seven different sites in a dairy farm, named healthy cow milk (N), cow milk from a mastitis cow (C), perimammary (T), milk collecting cup (B), turntable surface (P), feces (F) and bedding material (W).&nbsp; 
 
Result: In total, 2757356 reads were obtained from the sequencing results, which were annotated to 29 phyla, 67 classes, 166 orders, 295 families, 696 genera and 306 species. In all samples, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant microflora, while Oscillospira-UCG-005 and Atopostipes were the dominant genera in different proportions, indicating certain differences in bacterial flora structure among different samples. Furthermore, alpha diversity analysis revealed high richness and diversity among different samples.&nbsp;</div>

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16S rDNA High Throughput Sequencing Bacterial Diversity Analysis of Cow Mastitis

<div>Background: Crop residues play a central role in ruminant&rsquo;s diet in developing countries. Due to low in nutritional quality, there is limitation in ruminant production through feeding of these residues. Therefore, production of quality crop residues through plant breeding programme without conceding grain yield is of prime importance. The present experiment envisaged the feeding value of stovers from three different novel sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars by in vitro fermentation pattern, gas production, microbial abundance and ruminal enzyme production in buffalo.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Stovers from three different genotypes of sorghum cultivars viz. normal sorghum (CSV-27), brown midrib (bmr) sorghum (SPV-2018) and sweet sorghum (CSH 22SS) were analyzed for proximate principles and fibre fractions. Each stover sample was incubated (200 &plusmn; 5 mg) with 30 ml buffered rumen fluid in 100 ml calibrated glass syringes at 39&ordm;C for 24 h following in vitro gas production system using rumen liquor from Murrah buffaloes. The gas production in each syringe was recorded during incubation at 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 h intervals. Incubations were terminated at 24 h and methane concentration in the head space gas from syringes incubated with each stover sample was analyzed. Supernatant of each syringe contents was analyzed for volatile fatty acids (VFA) estimation. Truly degradable dry matter (TDDM) was determined and microbial biomass production (MBP) and portioning factor (PF) was calculated. Ruminal fibrolytic enzyme production and microbial abundance in each syringe content was estimated.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The stover of bmr sorghum showed highest organic matter, followed by normal sorghum and lowest in sweet sorghum. The neural detergent fibre (NDF) ranges between 69.22 to 74.65%, with highest in bmr sorghum and lowest in sweet sorghum. The stover sample of bmr sorghum contained lowest (P&lt;0.05) acid detergent fibre (ADF) among the three cultivars examined, which resulted with highest (P&lt;0.05) hemicellulose (37.72%) content. Lowest acid detergent lignin (ADL) was found in stovers of bmr cultivar (1.27%) and highest in sweet sorghum (8.36%). The fermentation pattern of bmr sorghum stovers exhibited higher (P&lt;0.05) total gas production, dry matter degradability, VFA production, ruminal enzymes (CMCase, xylanase, acetyl esterase) and abundance of total ruminal bacterial population than normal and sweet sorghum stovers. Therefore, this study establishes the enhanced feeding value of stovers from bmr sorghum cultivar compared to normal and sweet sorghum cultivars for ruminant production.</div>

<div>Exploring Feeding Potential of Stovers from Novel Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Cultivars by In vitro Fermentation Pattern, Gas Production, Microbial Abundance and Ruminal Enzyme Production in Buffalo</div>

<div>Background: Bacterial endophytes lives in internal tissues of root, stem and leaves of grain amaranth plants. Isolation and screening of efficient bacterial endophytes for plant growth promotion, biocontrol activities and drought tolerance can develop as suitable bioinoculants for alleviate drought and stress tolerance and plant growth promotion. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;Bacterial endophytes were isolated from grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp) and all isolates were screened for nitrogen fixation, phosphorous solubilisation, growth hormone production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase production. Molecular identification of bacterial isolates was done by 16S rRNA sequencing to identify the organisms. 
 
Result: Seventeen isolates showed high growth in N-free media and nine isolates could efficiently solubilize phosphates. Two isolates significantly produced higher concentrations of gibberellins, maximum number of bacterial isolates produced Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and eight isolates were able to produce cytokinins. Fifteen isolates have shown positive for ACC activity [1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase production] in grain amaranth and five bacterial isolates (RAR-5, RAS-3, RAL-7, WAR-1 and WAS-11) have significant plant growth promoting activities compared to others. Further, significant bacterial isolates were identified as Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. phenolicus, Pseudomonas moorei, Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus cereus and Acromobacter deleyi by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.</div>

Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Endophytes from Grain Amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) for Plant Growth Promotion

Background: Paddy straw mushroom is widely cultivated in Odisha for their unique aroma, texture and growth habit. Bacterial diseases contributed to low production and storability of Volvariella sp. So the present study was carried out to identify the pathogen and undertake suitable measures. 
 
Methods: A study was undertaken on the bacterial disease of Volvariella sp. incited by bacterium. Different types of symptoms associated with marketable mushroom buds of Volvariella sp. leading to rotting of the buds within 24-48 hours of harvest were recorded. Fourteen plant extracts and twelve antibiotics were tested against the bacterium infecting Volvariella sp.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Serratia marcescens found to be first report causing bacterial rot. Among the plant extracts evaluated, Trigonella foenum and Aloe barbadensis were found to be most effective in inhibiting the growth of bacterium with a 15 mm zone of inhibition in each case. Among the 12 antibiotics tested, Ciprofloxacin and cefaclor inhibited the growth of the bacterium with 50.3 mm and 65.6 mm zone of inhibition, respectively. Rest of the antibiotics differed in their action against the bacterial pathogen.

Bacterial Rot of Paddy Straw Mushroom and its Management

<div>Background: Illegal migration of pigs/piglets from Myanmar to Mizoram is a common practice to meet the local demands. The migrated animals are suspected as potential carrier of various microbial pathogens. The present study was conducted on isolation, identification and molecular characterization of major bacterial pathogens (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Haemophilus parasuis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida) in pigs illegally migrated from Myanmar to Mizoram.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 209 rectal swabs and 209 nasal swabs were collected from apparently healthy migrated pigs during October 2018 to April, 2019. All the samples were processed for PCR based detection of target bacterial species followed by isolation and identification by bacteriological techniques. The bacterial species were further confirmed by BD Phoenix automated bacterial identification system and selected virulence genes of the bacterial species were determined by specific PCR assay.&nbsp; 
 
Result: By species specific PCR, 110 samples were found to be positive for selected bacterial species, of which 20 (9.57%), 1 (0.478%), 86 (41.15%), 2 (0.956%) and 1 (0.478%) were A. pleuropneumoniae, B. bronchiseptica, H. parasuis, M. hyopneumoniae and P. multocida, respectively. A total of 52 bacterial strains were isolated and identified, of which 11, 1, 39 and 1 were A. pleuropneumoniae, B. bronchiseptica, H. parasuis, M. hyopneumoniae and P. multocida, respectively. Virulence genes were detected in A. pleuropneumoniae and H. parasuis isolates. Based upon the published literatures, this is the first ever report of isolation and identification of pathogenic A. pleuropneumoniae and H. parasuis in pigs in India.</div>

Transmission of Novel Bacterial Pathogens through Pigs Transported from Myanmar to Mizoram

<div>Background: Presently, our understanding of the rumen of Gayals is still very shallow, which is recognized as the most effective and developed fiber degradation system in nature, with abundant microorganisms. Molecular biology technology is an effective means to study the microbial resources in the rumen.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Rumen contents of 3 Gayals (Gayals, Bos frontalis; G) and 3 Yellow Cattle (Yunnan Yellow Cattle, Bos taurus; Y) were collected in this study. Rumen microbial proteins were extracted by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), then to analyze the bioinformatics of protein abundance was performed through the bovine rumen transcriptome database (gene.uniGeneset.fasta).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results were as follows: the differences in protein abundance of Gayals rumen bacteria in Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Ruminococcus and Olsenella were significantly higher than Yellow cattle (P&lt;0.05) and the difference in protein abundance of Chytridiomycota and Batrachochytrium in rumen fungus of Gayals was significantly less than that of Yellow cattle. Enrichment analysis by KEGG metabolism pathway of differentially expressed proteins in rumen microorganisms was performed, Gayals have higher abundance of &beta;-glucosidase and 6-phosphate-&beta;-glucosidase than Yellow Cattle.</div>

Analysis of Rumen Microbial Protein Abundance of Gayals based on Metaproteomics

<div>Background: Legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius), infests the Dolichos bean throughout the cropping season. However, there is no information on the seasonal abundance of M. vitrata over different seasons on Dolichos bean, which is an essential tool for forecasting and developing integrated pest management strategies.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The seasonal abundance of M. vitrata on Dolichos bean were studied during three consecutive cropping seasons of 2019 Summer, Kharif and Rabi. The larval population in flowers and pods and the number of larval webbings and weather parameters were recorded and subjected to correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. 
 
Result: The overall larval abundance was observed to be higher in flowers than in pods. The highest larval abundance in flowers and pods was 14.60 and 13.40 during the 48th and 50th standard meteorological week (SMW) of Rabi 2019 respectively, which corresponds to 8 to 10 weeks after sowing (WAS) in flowers and 10 to 12 WAS in the case of pods. The number of larval webbings was higher, with 18.76 during the 49th SMW of Rabi 2019. The maximum temperature had a significant negative correlation with the larval abundance in flowers (r= -0.570), pods (r= -0.523) and the number of active webbings (r= -0.477). At the same time, the regression coefficient shows that rainfall had a significant negative influence on the larval abundance in pods (B= -1.26).</div>

Influence of Weather Parameters on the Seasonal Abundance of Legume Pod Borer Maruca vitrata (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) on Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus var. typicus)

<div>Background: Heavy metals contaminated soil and water samples were collected from the Tigris River Power Plant, Baghdad. The bacterial isolation was performed by using the culturing technique on proper nutrient media prepared with low a concentration of heavy metals such as lead and mercury. The isolated strains were tested for their growth capability in heavy metal-polluted media by the polymerase chain reaction method for the identification of genes that provide resistance or degradation of heavy metals. Isolation and determination of heavy metal-resistant bacterial strains from genera like Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Streptomyces, which showed high tolerance to lead and cadmium. 
 
Methods: The aim to analyze environmental factors like pH, temperature, carbon sources and nitrate that would affect bacterial growth. Efficiency of bacteria in the removal of heavy metals from contaminated water was also determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy by comparing the concentration of metals before and after treatment. 
 
Result: The study showed that significant soil and water contamination was present around the power plant area, emanating from industrial activity: lead concentration ranged from 100-500 ppm and cadmium from 5-30 ppm in soil. Water concentrations were above the safety limits set by WHO for lead and cadmium, ranging between 0.1-1 ppm and 0.01-0.1 ppm, respectively, showing slight decreases after discharge into the Tigris River but remaining above natural levels. Some of the bacterial strains, like Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Streptomyces, which are resistant to heavy metals (Pb: 50-100 ppm and Cd: 5-20 ppm), were isolated. Genetic detection identified genes that code for resistance, including czcA and merA; however, it lacked the gene pbrT. Thus, the capability for lead removal is very limited.</div>

Applications of Bacterial Biotechnology in the Bioremediation of Water Contaminated with Heavy Metals

<div style="text-align: justify;">The experiment was conducted with five bacterial wilt resistant genotypes viz. Ujwala. Anugraha, VKC 2, VKC 11 and VKC 76 were crossed in diallel design without reciprocals to obtain ten F1 hybrids. The good general combiner for the number of fruits per plant and yield was Anugraha. Ujwala and Anugraha were found to be good general combiners for the content of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and beta carotene. VKC 11 showed high general combining ability in fruit length, fruit girth, magnesium, iron, vitamin C and beta carotene. All the cross combinations showed earliness in flowering, Ujwala x VKC 11 were found best specific combiner for fruit width, fruit girth, average fruit weight, vitamin C and antioxidant activity. Ujwala x Anugraha was identified as best specific combiner for number of fruits per plant and green yield. The general and specific combining ability revealed that there was preponderance of non-additive gene action for plant height, number of branches, days to flower, days to harvest, days from flowering to harvest, fruit width, fruit girth, average fruit weight, yield per plant, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and antioxidant activity. Number of fruits per plant, capsaicin, vitamin C and beta carotene were governed by additive gene action. All the hybrids were found resistant to bacterial wilt in the field as well as when inoculated artificially with the pathogen.</div>