<div style="text-align:justify">Dogs are considered to be the most loyal companion of Mankind since ages. They are considered to be the decedents of wolfs. They hold their decent from antient extinct species of wolfs and recently available grey wolfs. Owing to its loyalty and affectionate nature they are the first domesticated animal in man&rsquo;s world for 15000 years ago. Firstly, they were used by hunters during the time of hunting and were used as to gather the hunts, as in those days&rsquo; agriculture was not in practice. This long relationship between human and dogs made them quite loyal and adaptable to human needs. They can eat anything which a man can provide to them and happily accommodates with Human. There are large number of dogs breed which is available in various countries having their own individual traits. They vary in their shape, size, colours, behaviour and their sensory capabilities. Some of dogs are calm and some are aggressive in nature, due to which their utility changes, as they perform many roles for mankind, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy and aiding disabled people. This relationship with mankind has earned them a title &ldquo;Man&rsquo;s best friend&rdquo;. There are many popular dog breeds in India such as 1) Beagles 2) German Shepherd 3) Great Dane, 4) Labrador Retriever, 5) Boxer, 6) Rottweiller, 7) Pug, 8) Golden Retriever, 9) Cocker Spaniel 10) Dachshund etc.</div>

​Labrador Retriever a Perfect Apartment Dog: A Review

Background: The Liver is a well vascularized organ. Any pathology can impede its blood flow and this makes liver the most suitable organ for studying the Doppler indices and contrast enhanced perfusion parameters.

Methods: This clinical study enrolled 9 healthy dogs including 2 breeds each of beagle, German shepherd, Labrador Retriever, and one breed each of Crossbred, Pug and Pit bull. Spectral Doppler sonography and contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) of liver vasculature using a second generation contrast agent (Sonovue) was performed to standardize their normal pulsed-wave Doppler indices and contrast enhanced perfusion parameters.

Result: The mean &plusmn; SE values of Doppler indices of portal vein were PSV (27.68 &plusmn; 2.08 cm/s), EDV (15.32 &plusmn; 1.74 cm/s), MV (14.05 &plusmn; 1.94 cm/s), RI (0.44 &plusmn; 0.05) and PI (0.93 &plusmn; 0.11). Mean &plusmn; SE value of Doppler indices of hepatic artery were&nbsp; 53.78 &plusmn; 3.45 cm/s (PSV), 13.90 &plusmn; 1.82 cm/s (EDV), 21.63 &plusmn; 1.21 cm/s (MV), 0.73 &plusmn; 0.04 (RI), 1.93 &plusmn; 0.28 (PI) and for hepatic vein were 38.62 &plusmn; 4.62 cm/s (PSV), 11.92 &plusmn; 2.79 cm/s (EDV), 17.72 &plusmn; 2.95 cm/s (MV), 0.69 &plusmn; 0.06 (RI), 1.69 &plusmn; 0.23 (PI). CEUS of hepatic parenchyma showed three phases viz arterial, portal and late portal phase. Mean &plusmn; SE values of contrast enhanced hepatic perfusion parameters (in seconds) were 7.22 &plusmn;0.40 (Arrival time), 16.33 &plusmn;1.38 (Time to initial peak), 30.22 &plusmn;1.29 (Time to final peak), 54.55 &plusmn;2.93 (Decline time) and 160.78&plusmn;8.60 (Washout time).

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​Labrador Retriever a Perfect Apartment Dog: A Review

Quantification of Doppler Indices, Contrast Ultrasound Enhancement Phases and Perfusion Parameters of Hepatic Parenchyma in Healthy Dogs

Labrador Retriever a Perfect Apartment Dog: A Review