Background: The scarcity of publicly available datasets for the detection of cashew leaf disease (DCLD) (Anacardium occidentale L.). This study represents the development and evaluation of cashew leaf disease dataset of three districts. Here, Dataset_1 with 1274 original images and Dataset_2 with 2548 augmented images to increase its diversity. Images were capture using smartphone with natural field conditions, background, various resolutions, angles, Pre-processing and data augmentation techniques were applied to enhance model performance. 
 
Methods: Multiple deep learning models, including DenseNet121, EfficientNetB0, restNet50 and Vision Transformer were trained using transfer learning to classify four cashew leaf condition: Anthracnose, Healthy, Leaves Spot and Powdery Mildew. 
 
Result: DenseNet121 achieved high class wise precision and recall, with overall accuracy between 96% to 97%. EfficientNetB0 improved upon this result, attaining overall accuracy between 96% and 98% with F-1 score up to 97%. RestNet50 and ViTB16 achieved the highest performance, with over accuracy to 99.93% respectively. 
&nbsp;

Generation and Utilization of an Augmented Cashew Leaf Dataset for Disease Analysis using Transfer Learning

<div style="text-align:justify">
Background: The probiotic microorganism consists mostly of the strains of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. Bifidobacterial species are common members of the infant gut where they form up to 91 per cent of the total micro flora in breast-fed babies and up to 75 per cent in formula fed infants. 
&nbsp;

Methods: Bifidobacterial species were isolated and identified from the faeces of breast fed infants by molecular techniques. Molecular tools like 16S rDNA targeted genus and species specific mPCR primers were used for confirmation. A total of 4 isolates were identified namely B. longum (IB10&nbsp;and IB12) B. breve (IB39) and B. bifidum (IB42). The identified species were screened for probiotic properties like bile tolerance, antimicrobial activity and tolerance to acidity. Ideal isolate of B. longum was incorporated in the preparation of whey based malted nutraceutical spray dried food and fed to weaned piglets. 
&nbsp;

Result: B. longum (IB10) was the ideal probiotic when compared to other isolates as it had maximum antimicrobial activity and tolerance to bile and acidity. It was noted that isolate IB10&nbsp;(B. longum) had an inhibitory zone ranging from 3.03 to 2.95 mm against B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa due to acid and antibacterial compounds. Isolate B. longum (IB10) was incorporated in the preparation of whey based malted nutraceutical spray dried food. The influence of feeding five grams of&nbsp; the spray dried nutraceutical malt food containing B.longum at 107cfu/g per day on animal production, gut health and gut architecture in young weaned piglets were also investigated. The probiotic regime had positive effects on the health of piglets when compared to the control group. A significant two log reduction in the coliform count was observed in the faeces of weaned piglets fed with Bifidobacterial nutraceutical powder than that of control. Thus, these probiotic bifidobacteria can be considered as safe adjuncts for preparation of dairy nutraceuticals.
</div>

​Probiotics for Augmenting Health

<div>Background: The present study explores and assesses the potential of carbon revenue to augment the financial returns of farmers from agroforestry plantations. Government of India aims at doubling the farmers&rsquo; income and this study can go a long way in achieving this aim. The income from carbon revenue will be over and above the market value of farm-grown wood and hence will be an additional incentive.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Under the present study, the assessment of carbon stocks for Eucalyptus and Poplar plantations was done in Yamunanagar district of Haryana using stratified random sampling and standard calculation tools explained under methodology. The results of this study and data from other existing studies, covering different parts of the country, were used for estimating the carbon credits and carbon revenue for total area under agroforestry in India i.e. 28.4 MHA.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The findings suggest that agroforestry, if incentivized with carbon revenue, has a potential of increasing the income of farmers by 40-50% (upto Rs. 25,000/ha/year). It could be achieved by developing agroforestry based carbon finance projects for Voluntary Carbon Markets (VCM) and by promoting agroforestry plantations for net carbon emission neutrality of corporate using their CSR funds. The additional returns could also act as a buffer and as an alternative like minimum support price (MSP) for farmers in case of &ldquo;price-crash&rdquo; of agroforestry produce due to various reasons. The study indicates that there is urgent need to have a policy in India for registering agroforestry plantations under carbon finance projects thereby contributing to net neutrality of corporates, ultimately benefitting the farmers through financial incentives.</div>

Incentivising Agroforestry Through Carbon Revenue: Augmenting Farmers&rsquo; Income in India

Background: A combination of maize and legume, cabbage and potato in intercropping benefits the agricultural production system due to different peak period of growth and synergistic effects, which reflected into yield advantage. In order to reduce nutritional competition and the yield gaps between actual production and production potential for both crops in the intercropping system, more information is required for the optimization of maize-based intercropping systems. So, keeping above fact in mind, the present study was undertaken to find out the suitable rabi maize based intercropping system for augmenting productivity and profitability of maize. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted on the farmer&rsquo;s field of selected villages of KVK Bhagalpur (on-farm trials) during the winter (rabi) season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 on rabi maize to validate, refine and popularize the technology developed at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (Bihar) and ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR), Ludhiana, for enhancing the productivity and profitability of rabi maize. The experiment, comprising four treatments, viz., sole rabi maize (farmer&rsquo;s practice), maize + potato (1:1 row ratio), maize + vegetable pea (1:2 row ratio) and maize + cabbage (1:1 row ratio), was arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) with five replications. All five farmers selected for experimentation were treated as replications. 
 
Result: Experimental results revealed that all three intercropping associations of maize + vegetable pea (1:2 row ratio), maize + potato (1:1 row ratio), maize + vegetable pea (1:2 row ratio) and maize + cabbage (1:1 row ratio) produced significantly higher maize equivalent yields than the sole crop of rabi maize. However, among the intercropping systems, maize + vegetable pea (1:2 row ratio) produced the highest maize equivalent yield (241.0 q/ha) and significantly incurred the highest net return (322093 ₹ /ha), as well as a higher B: C ratio (6.04) than the rest of the intercropping systems as well as sole crop of rabi maize.

Evaluation of Rabi Maize-based Intercropping System for Augmenting the Productivity and Profitability of Rabi Maize under Irrigated Conditions of Bihar

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Agricultural Research Station, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner during three consecutive kharif season of 2013, 2014 and 2015. The experiment comprising ten weeds control treatments consisting of pendamethalin 1000 g/ha (PE), imazethapyr 50g/ha (3-4 leaf stage of crop), imazethapyr 70g/ha (3-4 leaf stage of crop), pendamethalin + imazethapyr 800g/ha (PE), pendamethalin + imazethapyr &nbsp;900g/ha (PE), pendamethalin + imazethapyr &nbsp;1000g/ha (PE), imazethapyr + imazamox 60g/ha (3-4 leaf stage of crop), imazethapyr + imazamox 70g/ha (3-4 leaf stage of crop), 2 hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS and weedy check in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS was found most effective to control weeds in greengram and recorded lowest weed count and weed dry matter of both broad leaved and grassy weeds. It was also recorded significantly highest branches/pant, leaf area index, total chlorophyll, protein content in seed, pods/plant, seeds/pod and seed, straw and biological yield over other treatments. Among different herbicides, pendamethalin + imazethapyr 800g recorded significantly higher net returns (31350/ha) and B:C ratio (2.70).</div>

Productivity augmentation of greengram (Vigna radiata) through weed management

<div style="text-align: justify;">Cotton plays an important role in the national economy in terms of generation of direct and indirect employment in the Agricultural and Industrial sectors. It is traditional and important commercial crop has been in cultivation in India for more than five thousand years. &nbsp;About 74 per cent of the total area and produc&shy;tion of cotton in the country is contributed by four states of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Punjab. The study revealed that annual growth rate of area was less than the annual growth rate of productivity in Karnataka, which clearly shows that positive annual growth in cotton production was due to increase in productivity rather than increase in area, which was due to the fact that adoption of improved technologies like IPM, IRM, introduction of Bt cotton and low insect pest pressure in major cotton growing tracts has enabled this transformation in production and productivity. Introduction of Bt cotton was the major factor expressed by most of the farmers with a mean score of 67.2. So this factor got assigned first rank because it&rsquo;s giving double yield as compared to the traditional cotton varieties and it&rsquo;s also covers the resistance pest like helicovarpa armizera and other sucking pests.</div>

An economic analysis of augmentational trends in production and productivity in Karnataka: A case of cotton &nbsp;

<div>The burning problems of udder health /subclinical mastitis (SCM) in dairy cattle is considered as a worldwide silent threat which is major reasons for low yield&nbsp; and poor quality milk and causes substantial economic loss. The present work was conducted at ICAR-NDRI, ERS, Kalyani (WB) through a project (2017-2020). The article&rsquo;s aim is to review important advances in udder health maintenance to ameliorate SCM for higher quantity and quality milk production. Many researchers worked to identify effective practices to control SCM caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. Worldwide different researchers aimed to achieve better udder health and focused to detect SCM, mechanisms associated with infection, differentiating between clinical and subclinical stages, invent suitable diagnostic tests, understand exposure time, recognize specific characteristics of pathogen and establishing scientific milking procedures, etc. Establishment of standard operative programs, as discussed in this paper, resulted in better udder health maintenance. In changing climatic scenario and varying farm management practices globally researchers worked to redefine procedures to control SCM caused by different biotic and abiotic agents. Although, researchers achieved significant advances in SCM management, however changing herd structure and increased milk demand indicates that SCM /udder health will be one of the major issues to be dealt by scientists, entrepreneurs, dairy workers.</div>

Udder Health Maintenance to Augment Milk Production in Dairy Cattle: A Review

<div>Background: Substitution of expensive protein sources like soybean meal with lower cost ingredient like rice distillers dried grain with solubles (rDDGS) would reduce the cost of the feed. Various enzymes supplementation may be used to increase their inclusion level. 
 
Methods: An in-vivo study of 42 days was undertaken (n= 384) in broilers divided into 12 dietary treatments as per 3x4 factorial design. Two levels of rDDGS consisted of 12.5 and 15% without and with three different types of enzymes xylanase, protease and multienzymes were used to find out substract specific enzyme. 
 
Result: Overall the growth performance of broiler chicken was significantly lower at 15% rDDGS level as compared to control and 12.5% rDDGS level. However, it was significantly (P&lt;0.01) improved by supplementation of any of the three enzymes (xylanase, protease and multienzymes) in 12.5 and 15% rDDGS groups. Nitrogen retention, dry matter and energy metabolizability were significantly (P&lt;0.01) improved in all enzymes supplemented groups. The cost of feed per kg live weight and meat yield was significantly (P&lt;0.01) lower at 12.5% rDDGS with enzymes supplementation. Thus, it is concluded that the enzymes supplementation can increase inclusion level of rDDGS from 12.5 to 15% for economic broiler production.</div>

Augmenting Feeding Value of Rice Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles Through Dietary Addition of Enzymes in Broilers

<div>Background: Groundnut were mainly cultivated under rain fed condition, lack of initial seedling quality due to lower moisture conditions, it causes reduced crop yield and in sometimes it leads to crop failure. In order to overcome this problems, effective seed enhancement techniques as seed coating plays major role in maintaining the seed quality.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The controlled release of bioactive molecules namely hormones gibberellic acid (GA3) as a smart delivery system can be achieved through seed coating in groundnut by exploiting advanced nanotechnology. Infusion of active ingredients as hormones (GA3) through the seed coating formulation by nano formulation methods. At nano level it influences the effects at higher level and gives best results through controlled release of hormones without any loss.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Due to nano formulation coating in groundnut, seeds had an effective results in all the parameters viz., imbibition rate (48%), speed of germination (5.5), germination percentage (87%), seedling length (24.7 cm), vigour index (2142), hydrolysing enzymes (&alpha;-amylase14.83 and lipase 1.481), which significantly differs from untreated seeds. Hence, it was concluded that the GA3 infused nano formulation coating at 15 ml per kilogram of seed can be used for seed quality improvement in groundnut for better seedling establishment.</div>

<div>Influence of Nano Formulation on Augmenting the Seed Quality in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)</div>

<div>Background: Being an efficient N- fixer, mungbean improve the soil fertility status and can thereby serve as a useful component in any viable cropping system in the country. PROM has to be a better source of phosphate application. Indian soils are deficient in organic carbon. Sulphur is mostly applied to oilseed and pulse crops found to benefit more than one crop in a sequence due to its significant residual response. 
 
Methods: The investigation was conducted during kharif season of 2019 comprising five levels of phosphorus sources (Control, 16 kg P2O5/ha through DAP, 16 kg P2O5/ha through PROM, 32 kg P2O5/ha through DAP and 32 kg P2O5/ha through PROM) and three levels of sulphur (Control, 15 and 30 kg/ha) making 15 treatment combinations replicated three times in factorial randomized block design. 
 
Result: Application of 32 kg P2O5/ha through PROM recorded significantly higher growth, yield attributes, yields as well as net returns (<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAANCAYAAABy6+R8AAABOUlEQVQoFY2SMauCUBTHE/sGbaJIBdLkJBFCW4NufpOmNr+DfoRwilqcxMVZgsaWhsjBhhAqHFwU/49zefrey97jHThw7+H3u+eey+3hM6qqQhAE2G638H0fYRiy3O122Gw2SJKkQdFrVsfjEYvFAtPpFIPBABzHsZzNZjBNE+fzuUG/JKpkWcZOPBwOsCwLPM/D8zykaYo8z7vS6XTCZDKBIAiQZRnD4ZB16vf7GI1G2O/3XenxeOByueB6veL5fIJmoSs6joPb7dYKtGhnaqplWSKKIozHY8znc9D+NVqJOiiKAlVVoes6bNtGURSvPNu3EgGaprEr0Uv+Fa1EEL2eJEkQRRH3+/1X74dEVBzHrJthGKjr+q3YkYhar9dMXK1W/5eIXC6XTHRdtyO+7dRQ9Oco6V9+jw88uDdzhBmUugAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" /> 50440) with B:C ratio 2.93 as compared to 16 kg P2O5/ha through DAP, 16 kg P2O5/ha through PROM and 32 kg P2O5/ha through DAP. With regard to sulphur levels application of sulphur up to 30 kg/ha recorded significantly higher growth, yield attributes, yields as well net returns (<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAANCAYAAABy6+R8AAABOUlEQVQoFY2SMauCUBTHE/sGbaJIBdLkJBFCW4NufpOmNr+DfoRwilqcxMVZgsaWhsjBhhAqHFwU/49zefrey97jHThw7+H3u+eey+3hM6qqQhAE2G638H0fYRiy3O122Gw2SJKkQdFrVsfjEYvFAtPpFIPBABzHsZzNZjBNE+fzuUG/JKpkWcZOPBwOsCwLPM/D8zykaYo8z7vS6XTCZDKBIAiQZRnD4ZB16vf7GI1G2O/3XenxeOByueB6veL5fIJmoSs6joPb7dYKtGhnaqplWSKKIozHY8znc9D+NVqJOiiKAlVVoes6bNtGURSvPNu3EgGaprEr0Uv+Fa1EEL2eJEkQRRH3+/1X74dEVBzHrJthGKjr+q3YkYhar9dMXK1W/5eIXC6XTHRdtyO+7dRQ9Oco6V9+jw88uDdzhBmUugAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" /> 46723) with B:C ratio 2.96 over control and 15 kg S/ha.</div>

Generation and Utilization of an Augmented Cashew Leaf Dataset for Disease Analysis using Transfer Learning

Probiotics for Augmenting Health

Incentivising Agroforestry Through Carbon Revenue: Augmenting Farmers’ Income in India

Evaluation of Rabi Maize-based Intercropping System for Augmenting the Productivity and Profitability of Rabi Maize under Irrigated Conditions of Bihar

Productivity augmentation of greengram (Vigna radiata) through weed management

An economic analysis of augmentational trends in production and productivity in Karnataka: A case of cotton

Udder Health Maintenance to Augment Milk Production in Dairy Cattle: A Review

Augmenting Feeding Value of Rice Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles Through Dietary Addition of Enzymes in Broilers

Influence of Nano Formulation on Augmenting the Seed Quality in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Growth and Productivity Augmentation of Greengram (Vigna radiata) through Phosphorus Sources and Sulphur Levels