<div style="text-align: justify;">A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHM) on Hematological Parameters and immunity in chickens, Astragalus membranaceus (AM), angelicae sinensis extract (ASE) and Danggui buxue san (DBS) were used for the study of Hematological Parameters and immunity in order to provide basis for clinical reference. A total of 400 58-week-old hens were randomized into 10 groups. The added TCHM Period was 42 days. The blood index, ND and AI antibody titer were measured. The results showed that DBS significantly increased the count of White Blood Cell (WBC) (P&lt;0.05) and Red Blood Cell (RBC) (P&lt;0.01), the content of Hemoglobin (Hb) (P&lt;0.01) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) (P&lt;0.01) in 10 mg/kg group; DBS(15 mg/kg) had significant increase on the count of WBC and RBC and the content of Hb (P&lt;0.05);ASE (15 mg/kg) significantly increased the count of RBC and the content of Hb (P&lt;0.05). At the same time, DBS (10 mg/kg) significantly decreased the dropping rate of blood cell at 30min (P&lt;0.01).In addition, DBS (10 mg/kg) could improve the antibody level of ND and AI than control group (P&lt;0.05).This indicated that DBS (10 mg/kg) had the ability on improving hemopoietic function and immunity in chickens.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effects of traditional Chinese herbal medicines on blood parameters and antibody level in laying hens</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">An experiment was conducted to study the effect of row spacing and phosphorus levels on growth, yield and economics of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) during rabi season of 2011-12 and 2012-13 at the Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur, India. The factorial R.B.D. comprised of two spacings (20 cm x 10 cm and 30 cm x 10 cm) and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P2O5 ha-1) &nbsp;with three replications. Although wider spacing (30 cm x 10 cm) resulted in greater number of pods/plant (12.05) and seeds/pod (4.43) but higher grain yield (739 kg/ha) was recorded with closer spacing (20 cm x 10 cm) probably due to greater plant population in per unit area.</div>

Response of grass pea (<em>Lathyrus sativus</em> L.) to row spacing and levels of phosphorus levels under rainfed conditions of Manipur

<div><strong>Background:</strong> The pesticides are potentially toxic compounds that have become omnipresent in the environment. These toxicants modulate and/or disrupt the reproductive and hormonal environment by acting on hypothalamus, pituitary and reproductive organs. Fewer studies have been carried out on pesticide residues in body fluids especially blood and semen in breeding bulls.<br />
<br />
<strong>Method: </strong>Study was done to assess the pesticide residues in blood in relation to the endocrine profile in crossbred breeding bulls. Nineteen blood samples were collected and were allowed to clot overnight; serum was separated and stored at -20&deg;C until analysis. The samples were analyzed for the pesticide residues using gas chromatography (GC) for seven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) namely Heptachlor epoxide, Chlordane, Fipronil, Lindane, Methoxychlor, op-DDT and Endrin and eleven organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs)&nbsp;namely Chorpyrifos, Dichlorovos, Ethion, Monocrotophos, Malathion, Parathion-methyl, Profenphos, Phorate, Triazophos, Quinalphos and Phosalone and four synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) namely Cypermethrin, Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Cyhalothrin.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The blood samples of these bulls were found positive for organophosphate-phosalone and around 73.68% of the bulls were positive for phosalone at a retention time of 13.837 min. The concentration of phosalone in the blood of crossbred breeding bulls was found to be 1.89&plusmn;0.98 ng/ml. In the present study, the blood hormonal profile of pesticide residues was analyzed and it showed a significant increase in the level of Estrogen thereby decreasing the testosterone: estrogen ratio. The decreased testosterone: estrogen ratio may be attributed to the detection of phosalone in blood.</div>


<p>Evaluation of Level of Pesticide Residue in Blood and its Effects on Hormonal Levels of Crossbred Bulls</p>


<div style="text-align:justify">
<div style="text-align:left"><strong>Background:&nbsp;</strong>Optimum crop growth and yield is result of interlinking of several factors. In semi- tropical soil in central plateau and hills zone are deficit in organic carbon and NPK content; therefore inadequate fertilization may leads to pure quality and also lower crop productive capacity of soil. For the maintenance of sustainable and productive production, maintaining soil health is a critical factor. Under low fertility levels, mungbean gives low seed yield. Potassium humate, nitrogen and phosphorus (RDF) application may be increase yield of mungbean in this zone.</div>

<div style="text-align:left"><br />
<strong>Method:&nbsp;</strong>A field experiment was conducted to study, &ldquo;Nodulation, yield attributes and yield of mungbean [<em>Vigna radiata&nbsp;</em>(L.)] influenced by different level of potassium humate and fertility. The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized block design with three replications and sixteen treatment combination.</div>

<div style="text-align:left"><br />
<strong>Result:&nbsp;</strong>Result showed that total number of root nodules, effective nodules, fresh and dry weight of root nodules, leghaemoglobin, nodule index, no. of pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod, test weight, seed and straw yield were observed significantly higher with application of potassium humate @ 4.5 kg/ha. Among different fertility level, the application of 100% RDF significantly increased the total number of root nodules and effective nodules, fresh and dry weight of root nodules, leghaemoglobin, nodule index, no. of pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod and test weight, seed and straw yield. With combined application of potassium humate @ 3.0 kg/ha + 75% RDF significantly higher no. effective nodules, dry weight of root nodules and seed yield were observed, as well as saving of 25% RDF and 1.5 kg potassium humate were also observed.</div>
</div>


<p>​Nodulation, Yield Attributes and Yield of Mungbean [<em>Vigna radiata</em> (L.)] Influenced by Different Level of Potassium Humate and Fertility Levels</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Effective animal vaccines against Rabies that provide a considerable duration of immunity and mass parenteral vaccination programmes remain the mainstay of canine rabies control. Animal birth control (ABC) programmes coupled with pre-exposure anti-rabies vaccination with booster dose at regular interval have been advocated as a method to control urban street male and female dog populations and ultimately human rabies in Asia. The present study is aimed to determine the persistence of antirabies neutralizing antibodies to pre-exposure vaccination in dogs and the effect of booster vaccination on pre-exposure antirabies vaccinal neutralizing antibody levels.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted in 30 non-descript dogs which were divided into two groups containing 15 animals each. Dogs in group I were given pre exposure prophylaxis with booster dose after 21 days and animals in group II were given primary vaccination without any booster dose. Serum samples were collected at 0<sup>th</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup>, 14<sup>th</sup>, 21<sup>st</sup>, 28<sup>th</sup>, 60<sup>th</sup>, 90<sup>th</sup> and 120<sup>th</sup> days post vaccination. Seromonitoring of antirabies vaccinal antibodies was done in both groups by RFFIT.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> 80 per cent of the animals in group I were able to maintain the mean antibody titre above protective level upto 4 months successfully, whereas, 40 per cent of the animals in group II were able to maintain mean antibody titer above protective level only upto 2 months. With the inactivated vaccine, booster dose given three weeks after the primary vaccination has ensured levels of neutralizing antibodies &gt; 0.5 IU/ml for a period of at least four months.</div>


<p>Sequential Monitoring of Pre-exposure Antirabies Vaccinal Neutralizing Antibodies in Dogs</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Several factors causing immune suppression in chickens would lead to immune deficiency, Escherichia coli (<em>E. coli</em>) infection is one of these important determinants, for example, infectious bursal disease (IBD), infectious bronchitis indirect, Newcastle disease, H5 and H9 an acute illness that is extremely communicable and infectious and affects young chicks. The current study aims to determine the level of antibodies in chicks infected with <em>E. coli</em>.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The chicks were divided into two groups: the first group vaccinated chicks against IBD disease at the age of one day and ten days, compared to the second group vaccinated chicks at the age of 10 days only. Five thousand one-day-old Fayoumi chicks were raised in the experiment and divided into two groups for comparison against IBD virus antibodies.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The study revealed that infectious bursal disease (IBD) infected chickens and inoculated with <em>E. coli</em> pre or concurrent to infection had lower antibody titers in both groups whether vaccinated at one day old or not, the level of antibodies to IBD disease is low in chicks, whether vaccinated or not vaccinated at one day of age, but when chicks were vaccinated on the ten day old of age with a weak vaccine IBD disease for both groups, it was found that the chicks that were vaccinated on the first day had a higher level of antibodies to IBD disease than the unvaccinated chicks at the age of one day. Fayoumi chicks, mean ELISA titers at one day was (1556&plusmn;132) increased sharply to (3440&plusmn;960) at 15 days of age and reach (5596&plusmn;830) at 20 days of age for group 1 compared to group 2 was the results, mean ELISA titers at one day was (1470&plusmn;187) increased slightly sharply to (2710&plusmn;779) at 15 days of age and reach (3560&plusmn;670) at 20 days of age. All samples tested positive for <em>E. coli</em> at one day of age, but turned negative at 15 and 20 days of age. Additionally, the indirect test for Infectious Bronchitis showed a result of 11459 &plusmn; 250 at one day of age. In addition, showed that the effect of post inoculation of <em>E. coli</em> on the level of ND antibodies was studied in group 1 with <em>E. coli</em> infection revealed that the HI titer of all subgroup had arranged of geometric means varied was (7.8), in group 2 was ranged (7) where the effect was not significant.</div>


<p>The Role of <em>E. coli</em> Infection on IBD Antibodies in Chicken Detected by ELISA Titers</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Body Condition Score (BCS) is a simpler and more practical method to evaluate the body&rsquo;s energy and fat reserves in cows. Nutrition play a direct role both in the hypothalamus by synthesizing and releasing GnRH, as well as on the anterior pituitary by controlling the synthesis and release of Leptin, FSH, LH and Estrogen. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the body condition score with the activation of hormones in the hypothalamic&ndash;pituitary&ndash;gonadal axis on Bali cattle that experienced postpartum anestrus. This research was an observational analytic study with Cross-Sectional Study design. The samples used were Bali cattle that have given birth and have not shown estrus for more than three months. BCS assessment method is qualitatively conducted through visual and tactile techniques. Measurements of Leptin, FSH, LH and estrogen hormone levels were performed using the ELISA Double Antibody Sandwich method. The results showed a correlation between body condition score to hormone level i.e. Leptin level of 0.861; LH level of 0.960; FSH level of 0.799; and Estrogen level of 0.761. These data demonstrated that BCS significantly affects Leptin hormone concentrations. It takes Leptin with a certain concentration to trigger the release of LH in follicle maturation and ovulation, thus achieving a threshold that causes the activation of the hypothalamic&ndash;pituitary&ndash;gonadal axis.</div>

Correlation between body condition score and hormone level of Bali cattle with postpartum anestrus

<div style="text-align: justify;">An experiment of 120 days was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing inorganic zinc (ZnSO4; 80 ppm) with &nbsp;lower level (75% of inorganic levels; 60 ppm) of organic zinc (Zn propionate; Zn-Prop) on growth, serum biochemical constituents, immune response, mineral and antioxidant status in buffalo calves. Twelve buffalo calves (193.3&plusmn;19.63kg; 14-24 months) were randomly allotted to a control (80 ppm Zn) and experimental (60 ppm Zn) diets. All calves were weighed at fortnight interval. Animals were immunized against Brucella abortus (BA) and chicken RBC (CRBC) antigens on day 90 with a booster dose of 15 days interval and serum was collected on 7, 14, 21 and 28 d of post sensitization (PS) to study the antibody titres. Blood was collected on 114 d of experiment to prepare serum and haemolysate. Cell mediated immune response (CMIR) was determined against phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) on day 118. The fortnightly body weights, average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio were comparable between the dietary groups. Similarly, serum albumin, globulin, creatinine and mineral (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) levels were comparable while higher (P&lt;0.05) serum total protein and alkaline phosphatase activities were observed in organic Zn supplemented calves. After 7 d of PS, serum antibody titres (log2) against BA were higher (P&lt;0.05) with Zn-Prop supplementation, while the titres against CRBC were not affected by Zn source and dose. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione reductase, RBC catalase and superoxide dismutase) estimated in haemolysate were comparable between groups, while glutathione peroxidase (P&lt;0.05) activity increased with Zn-prop supplementation compared to ZnSO4. The CMIR was higher (P&lt;0.05) with organic Zn. It can be concluded that the growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune response in calves fed lower levels of organic Zn (Zn-Propionate) (75% of inorganic mineral supplementation) was comparable to those fed 100% of inorganic zinc and the CMI response was higher in organic Zn supplemented calves.</div>

Effect of replacing inorganic zinc with a lower level of organic zinc (zinc propionate) on performance, biochemical constituents, antioxidant, immune and mineral status in buffalo calves

<div style="text-align: justify;">Concanavalin A (Con A), a lectin interacts with carbohydrate moieties of viruses and provide stable and sensitive detection when used as a capture agent. Indirect ELISA methods need purified Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or recombinant antigens for adsorption, whereas use of Con A as capture agent will enable the use of non-purified and non-concentrated virus as antigen replacing costly and time-consuming virus purification step. Con A based sandwich ELISA with non-purified NDV whole virus antigen with single serum dilution format has been developed in this study. The optimum concentrations of the capture agent, Con A and non-purified antigen preparations were determined by checker-board titration. Briefly, microplates were coated with predetermined optimum concentration of ConA (0.5 mg/ml; 50&micro;g per well) and incubated for 18h at 4&deg;C. After washing, allantoic fluid with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota (HA titre, 210) at a constant predetermined dilution (1:1; 50&micro;l) was coated and incubated for 45 min at 37&deg;C, followed by blocking with 2 % bovine serum albumin for 45 min at 37&deg;C. The antigen coated plates were used in the detection of antibody titre against NDV in serum samples at single serum dilution of 1: 500. Then, wells were added with goat anti-chicken IgG horseradish peroxidase conjugate and incubated for 1h at 37&deg;C, followed by addition of TMB substrate and the plates were read spectrophotometrically at 450 nm. ELISA antibody titres were determined by standard serial dilution of positive sera and endpoints were calculated by a subtraction method. By using positive negative threshold curve (PNT), intercept and slope of the standard curve were calculated. Total of 271 random chicken serum samples were analyzed for antibodies against NDV by Haemagglutination inhibition assay (HI), indirect ELISA and compared with the Con A- S- ELISA developed in this study. The Con A-S-ELISA showed a high coefficient of correlation (r=0.85, n=271, P&lt;0.01) and an agreement of &ecirc;=0.99 with the commercially available Indirect-ELISA. The relative sensitivity and specificity were 98% and 85% respectively in comparison to HI test. Hence, the Con A-S-ELISA is a simple, easy and effective for monitoring serum antibody levels against NDV.</div>

Concanavalin A- Sandwich-ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chicken

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation that essentially affects the small intestine and is caused by food that contain gluten. This research aimed to explore the impact of interleukin 21 (IL-21) and interleukin 23 (IL-23) on development the Celiac disease in Iraqi patients.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Forty adults have CD were enrolled in the study with age range between 15-60 years with an average age of 36.60&plusmn; 2.03 years. The diagnosis of the disease was confirmed by serological examinations and intestinal endoscopy in Gastroenterology and Liver Teaching Hospital in the Medical City Hospital in Baghdad and a forty healthy subjects were included in this study as control group with age range between 16-59 years with an average age of 32.22&plusmn;1.97 years. The blood serum were examined for Anti tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA and IgG (IgA ant-tTG and IgG ant-tTG) and Anti-DGP IgA (IgA ant-DGP) antibodies as well as IL-21 and IL-23 by using enzyme-linked immunoassay technique ((ELISA). Also, the gene expression of IL-21 and IL-23 in peripheral blood of Iraqi CD patients was determined by using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The results showed that serum levels of anti-tTG (IgA, IgG) and anti-gliadin (IgA) antibodies were significantly higher in CD patients than in control (25.13&plusmn;1.12, 19.86&plusmn;1.13, and 32.01&plusmn;2.36 vs. 12.62&plusmn;1.04, 6.83&plusmn;0.82,&nbsp; and 21.59&plusmn;1.44 U/ml, respectively; p &lt; 0.01). In addition, IL-21 and IL-23 serum level was increased in CD patients with high significant differences (490.02&plusmn;20.46 and 565.22&plusmn;22.84 vs 106.87&plusmn;4.23 and 256.03&plusmn;13.52 pg/ml; p &lt; 0.01), respectively. The results of gene expression revealed the level of IL-21 and IL-23 was increased significantly by 3.33&plusmn;0.35 and 2.83&plusmn;0.27 fold change in CD patients in comparison to control.<br />
&nbsp;</p>


Effects of traditional Chinese herbal medicines on blood parameters and antibody level in laying hens

Response of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) to row spacing and levels of phosphorus levels under rainfed conditions of Manipur

Evaluation of Level of Pesticide Residue in Blood and its Effects on Hormonal Levels of Crossbred Bulls

Nodulation, Yield Attributes and Yield of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.)] Influenced by Different Level of Potassium Humate and Fertility Levels

Sequential Monitoring of Pre-exposure Antirabies Vaccinal Neutralizing Antibodies in Dogs

The Role of E. coli Infection on IBD Antibodies in Chicken Detected by ELISA Titers

Correlation between body condition score and hormone level of Bali cattle with postpartum anestrus

Effect of replacing inorganic zinc with a lower level of organic zinc (zinc propionate) on performance, biochemical constituents, antioxidant, immune and mineral status in buffalo calves

Concanavalin A- Sandwich-ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chicken

The Impact of Interleukin-21 and 23 Serum Level and Gene Expression in Celiac Disease among Sample of Iraqi Patients