<div style="text-align: justify;">This study aimed to determine suitable opium poppy hybrids over mid parent, better parent and standart check levels in alkaloid ratios. In the study, 36 hybrids were evaluated derived from nine varieties. The experiment was carried out in four replications in randomized block design in 2016 and 2017. Heterosis over mid parent values ranged from -4.91% to 65.43% for morphine, -76.91% to 278.05% for thebaine, -68.97% to 180.91% for noscapine, -53.60% to 150.45% for codeine, -93.55% to 289.61% for oripavine and -78.69% to 285.94% for papaverine. In the result study of 34 crosses recorded positive heterosis over mid parent for morphine content followed by 24 for thebaine, 23 for noscapine, 26 for codeine, 22 for oripavine and 15 for papaverine.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Hybrid Vigor for Alkaloid Contents in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)</div>

Background: Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease with multiple secondary effects, is on the rise. Treatment of type II diabetes mellitus with phytochemicals is gaining importance to avoid secondary complications used in the treatment. Justicia adhatoda is said to be an evergreen perennial shrub with a multitude of uses, especially as a stimulant of the respiratory tract.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Vasicine, a major alkaloid extracted from the leaves of the adhatoda was used in the current study to identify its antidiabetic activity through the Computer Aided Drug Design technique. The molecular docking technique was performed between vasicine and five different receptors Protein Tyrosine Phosphate 1B (PTP 1B), Glucose Transporter (GLUT2), Glucagon Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPAR Ɣ) which are usually targeted by anti-diabetic drugs. The Libdock score for the interaction between the receptors and vasicine is indicative of the antidiabetic activity of the vasicine in various pathways.&nbsp; 
 
Result: PTP 1B presented the highest LibDock score of 101.46 indicating the antidiabetic property of vasicine.&nbsp;

An in silico Evaluation of Anti-diabetic Potential of Vasicine, A Quinazoline Alkaloid of Justicia adhatoda Linnaeus

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is an important annual legume used as green manure. It contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are apparently effective in suppressing nematodes. It is pertinent to know the growth stage during which pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentrations become higher. 
 
Methods: The period of days necessary for flowering, pod growth and the concentrations of one pyrrolizidine alkaloid in pods at different stages in five sunn hemp cultivars with May and July seeding were investigated. 
 
Result: Findings indicated that flowering of the two cultivars occurred later than the others, especially for May seeding. The pods grew to 20 mm length in 6-11 days from flowering. Then the pods grew to maximum size (40 mm length) in only few days. A main pyrrolizidine alkaloid in sunn hemp seed, trichodesmine, increases as pod size grow; then it increases considerably as pod mature. However, it in matured pod hull contains similar values of whole immature pod. These results demonstrate that both day-neutral and short-day cultivars with July seeding shorten the days to first flower and indicate that cutting after 10 days from first flowering is effective for increasing pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentration.</div>

Variety and Seeding Time Influence on Flowering Characteristics and Trichodesmine Content in Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.)

The identification of&nbsp;acetovanillone (apocynin)&nbsp;in hydroethanolic extracts of&nbsp;Boophone disticha&nbsp;bulbs represents a notable advance in phytochemical profiling within South African Amaryllidaceae, a family traditionally recognized for its alkaloid diversity. This discovery is further expanded by evidence for acetovanillone in&nbsp;Crinum graminicola&nbsp;and&nbsp;C. buphanoides, alongside the exclusive detection of piceol in the latter, collectively extending the chemical landscape to aromatic, non-alkaloid phenolics. These compounds, characterized by mild vanilla-like aromas, highlight previously underappreciated facets of Amaryllidaceae&rsquo;s metabolic biodiversity. Importantly, acetovanillone&rsquo;s pronounced&nbsp;anti-inflammatory activity mediated via NADPH oxidase inhibition closely aligns with the documented ethno- pharmacological uses of these species for inflammatory conditions. Such phenolic antioxidants expand the pharmacognostic significance of Amaryllidaceae, supporting their therapeutic versatility beyond their alkaloidal content. Advancements in&nbsp;microbial biotransformation&nbsp;have shown Streptomyces tunisiensis can sustainably convert ferulic acid to acetovanillone, establishing new biosynthetic routes for industrial production and metabolic engineering targeting nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals. Beyond plant systems, acetovanillone has shown robust&nbsp;neuroprotective potential, notably binding and inhibiting TDP-43, a protein linked to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, with superior pharmacokinetic profile compared to clinically approved agents. In cardiovascular research, acetovanillone, alone and in combination with carvedilol, has demonstrated potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, modulating redox-sensitive signalling cascades and reducing myocardial injury. It suppresses NADPH oxidase expression and upregulates Nrf2, HO-1 and SIRT1, key protectors against oxidative cardiac damage, while attenuating inflammatory cytokines and necroptosis. Acetovanillone and its derivatives with antibacterial and antileishmanial activities have a wide range of applications like plant immunity, reproductive biology, hepatoprotection and chemoprevention, underscoring its utility as a chemotaxonomic marker and pharmacological lead for oxidative stress related disorders. Through extensive biochemical and molecular evidence, acetovanillone emerges as a multifaceted bioactive with promise for phytomedicine, drug development and quality control innovation in herbal formulations. 
&nbsp;

Acetovanillone (Apocynin): A Multifaceted Phenolic Compound with Therapeutic and Biotechnological Relevance

<div>Background: The poppy seeds commonly known as &lsquo;khus-khus&rsquo; or &lsquo;postadana&rsquo;, obtained from opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is known one of the world&rsquo;s oldest medicinal plant. Its alkaloids, seeds and oil used since time immemorial for therapeutic, food stuffs and economical purpose. An effective breeding program plays an important role for selection, genetic improvement and development of high yielding cultivars/variety in opium poppy. Therefore, a study was conceded out to evaluate the genetic variability, path analysis for different agronomic traits along with their major chemical constituents of opium alkaloids in 30 accessions/landraces of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) collected from different geographical places of India.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The 30 genotypes of Opium poppy including different breeding lines and landraces collected from different places were grown in year (2017-18) in randomized complete-block designs (RCBD) with three replications at the research farm of CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow. Morpho-metric data were recorded on five competitive randomly selected plants in each line for following thirteen traits. Dried husk/straw capsules were chemically analyzed through HPLC. The pooled mean data were statistically analysed by using Windostat statistical software 4.0 versions available at Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSIR-CIMAP Lucknow. 
 
Result: Variation among the mean of thirty diverse genetic stocks was highly significant (p&lt;0.01) for all thirteen traits. High heritability coupled with high Genetic advance as percent mean (GAM) and Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for the traits Thebaine and Nosacapine. The results of associations studies revealed that the trait capsule/plant was positively and significantly correlated with seed (g)yield/plant (gm) and nosacapine at both genotypic and phenotypic level. According to results, a significant genetic variability was also present among 30 accessions, simple selection can be employed to improve seed yield along with alkaloids yield. &nbsp;</div>

<div>Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Analysis among Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The effects of genotype and harvest date on lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) forage yield and quality were evaluated in Zapopan Jalisco, Mexico. Cultivars Haags Blaue, Boregine, Borlu, Probor, Sonate, and Boruta were grown during the 2013&ndash;2014 cool season and harvested twice, in January (early harvest) and February (late harvest). Fresh and dry matter (FM, DM) yield, crude protein(CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), minerals, and total alkaloids were measured at each harvest. FM yields varied from 9.1 to 12.2 t ha-1 and from 23.4 t ha-1 to 35.3 t ha-1 at the first and late harvests, respectively. DM yields from early harvest plants varied from 1.2 to 1.7 t ha-1; those from the second harvest (late harvest date) varied from 3.4 to 6.8 t ha-1. The highest CP content for both (early and late harvests) was identified in the Probor cultivar, at 226 and 187 g/kg, respectively. At early harvest, ADF values varied from 291.2 in Sonate to 392.3 g/kg in Borlu; at late harvest, ADF values varied from 417.2 in Sonate to 488.3 g/kg in Borlu. Harvest date and varieties did not influence alkaloid and mineral content.&nbsp;</div>

Preliminary estimation of forage yield and feeding value of Lupinus angustifolius varieties cultivated in Jalisco, M&eacute;xico, during the cool season &nbsp;

<div>Background: Herbal medicines are often used to stimulate the immune system in an attempt to prevent disease, as well as to induce specific cures. The use of phyto medicines is becoming more scientifically based, with increasing emphasis placed on proven product safety and efficacy.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In the present study, the leaves of Vitex trifolia were extracted with distilled water, 1M Na2CO3 and 70% methanol. The extracted contents were screened to identify the presence of various phytochemicals. The contents of Na2CO3 and methanol were filtered, centrifuged and the supernatant was collected. The supernatant of Na2CO3 extract was collected and the alkaloid layer was separated in a separating funnel using alcohol. The contents were analysed for thin layer chromatography and phytochemical constituents. 
 
Result: Thin layer chromatography was performed at 360 nm the Rf value were 0.953, 0.230, 0.184, 0.153, 0.123 and in 240 nm Rf values 0.953, 0.338, 0.184, 0.153, 0.123 were obtained. The methanol extract was condensed at 40oC and dissolved in chloroform. Rf at 360 nm of 0.714, 0.396, 0.158 and at 240 nm with Rf values 0.714, 0.492, 0.349. The activity of extracts on Xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase and cyclooxygenase were estimated and the inhibition percentage of all the three was calculated as 59.34, 61.23, 71.02 and 51 respectively. The values obtained with flavanoid extracts for the same set of enzymes were 70.22, 81.48, 94.8 and 74.36 respectively. In this study, inhibition properties of flavanoid extracts were greater than that of alkaloid extracts.</div>

Extraction of Phytochemical Constituents from the Leaves of Vitex trifolia in the Inhibition of Lipoxygenase, Cyclooxygenase, Tyrosinase and Xanthine Oxidase

<div>Background: Seed quality of fenugreek is determined by its primary metabolites and an alkaloid diosgenin. Apart from these fenugreek seeds contains total oil, saponins, carbohydrates, protein and major nutrients. Seeds are bitter in taste due to presence of an alkaloid &ldquo;trigonelline&rdquo;. In India, major cultivated area of fenugreek is still dependent on conserved moisture and moisture stress conditions reduces its productivity. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was carried out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications during Rabi 2016-2017. &nbsp;Performance of ten fenugreek genotypes was evaluated on the basis of seed quality parameters under normal and water stress condition. Seed samples from both normal and water stressed plant were used for quality analysis in laboratory. Analysis of different quality parameters was done by using standard methods and protocol. 
 
Result: Water stress was found to increase seed total oil, saponins and diosgenine content in all the genotypes. Genotypes RMt-1, RMt-305 and RMt-143 were able to accumulate significantly higher total oil and diosgenine content in normal as well as water stress conditions. Water stress condition induced more saponins synthesis in genotype RMt-361 and RMt-351 while crude protein and total carbohydrate declined in all the genotypes. The minimum decrease in crude protein and carbohydrate due to water stress was recorded in genotype RMt-351 and genotypes Hisar Sonali respectively. Moisture was found to decrease in all the genotypes under influence of water stress conditions, minimum (13.75%) being observed in genotype RMt-305. Maximum seed yield was recorded in genotype RMt-361 both under normal as well as water stress conditions. Genotype RMt-1 had least reduction in yield under water stress condition (3.54%). Results suggested that a significant genotypic variation in seed quality parameters of fenugreek genotypes induced through stress may be utilize to introduce novelty of different purpose for developing new cultivars.</div>

<div>Water Stress Induced Changes in Seed quality of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) Genotypes</div>

<div>Background: The quest for organic agriculture has necessitated the search for natural products which are abundant in phytochemicals and have significant therapeutic effects. This study was carried out to investigate the nutritional and ethno-medicinal potentials of egg-lime-molasses mixture (ELM). 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Fresh eggs were placed in a bowl after which 1 liter of lime juice and 500 g of molasses were added into the same bowl, then it was covered tightly and left for 10 days at temperature of 27&deg;C and relative humidity of 61%. At the end of 10 days, the egg shells were dissolved into solution and then blended together. The mixture was then analyzed for proximate composition, phytochemicals, minerals and vitamins. The analyses were investigated in accordance with standard procedures.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Proximate analysis of ELM indicated the presence of moisture content (19.60%), crude protein (15.20%), lipids (5.50%), ash (14.60%), crude fibre (9.60%), carbohydrates (35.20%), fatty acid (4.40%) and energy (1060.30 Kcal/100 kg). Phytochemical screening revealed that ELM contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponin, steroids, phenols, terpenoides, tannin and antraquinones. Quantitative evaluation of the phytochemicals showed that ELM contained alkaloids (8.46 mg/100 g), flavonoids (2.30 mg/100 g), glycosides (0.08 mg/100g), Saponin (5.25 mg/100 g), steroids (0.22 mg/l00 g), phenols (0.09 mg/100 g), terpenoides (0.56 mg/100 g), tannin (8.34 mg/100g) and antraquinones (1.60 mg/100 g) and the vitamin constituents are Vitamin A (3.20 mg/100 g), Vitamin B1(280 mg/100 g), Vitamin B2 (880 mg/100 g), Vitamin B3 (340 mg/100 g), Vitamin C (15.40 mg/100 g) and Vitamin E (0.015 mg/100 g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (29.95%), magnesium (4.08%), potassium (23.20%), sodium (0.38%), phosphorus (6.90%), chlorine (0.30%), manganese (1.44 ppm), iron (3.60 ppm), aluminum (5.35%), titanium (2.10 ppm) and silicon (22.70 ppm). It was concluded that ELM is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics especially in monogastric animal production.</div>

Nutritional and Ethno-Medicinal Potentials of Egg-Lime-Molasses Mixture in Livestock Production

<div>Phytochemicals present in the plants are divided into primary (Alcohol Amino acids, nucleotides. etc) and secondary metabolites (Alkaloids, Saponins etc.). Carotenoids (reduces reactive oxygen species formation, decreases apoptotic cells, restoration of actin capping expression proteins etc.), Phenolics (inhibits extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling pathway), Isoflavones (inhibits tyrosine kinase pathway) and alkaloids (downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha messengers) are the major phytochemicals, having the potential effects towards ovarian function. Likewise, bioactive compounds are the chemicals that can interact with certain components of live tissue to exert their various effects (antioxidant, antineoplastic, receptor inhibition, gene expression etc.) respective to female fertility. Similarly, bioactive compounds: Kaempferol [phosphatidylinositol -3- kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway], Quercetin (controlling the release of 17&beta;-estradiol etc.), Myricetin (PI3K/Akt and MAPK signalling pathway), Galngin (inhibition of angiogenesis via decreasing the VEGF and p-Akt) and Resveratrol (regulation of Foxo3a and SIRT1 genes etc.) shows its effects by targeting different molecules and/or pathways at the ovarian microenvironment. However, Genistein (binding to estrogen receptors: ESR&alpha; and ESR&beta; etc.) and Diadzein (disrupting the endocrines etc.) emphatically interfere with the ovarian functions. Besides this, molecular effects exerted by these phyto-bioactive compounds on the in vivo and/or in vitro ovarian culture systems entirely depend on their dosage: Kaempferol @10 &mu;M increased the primordial follicle activation, Quercetin @4 &micro;M improved the quality of oocytes whereas @8 &micro;M reduced the quality), Resveratrol @ 2 &micro;M increased the blastocyst formation, Myricetin @ 100 mg/kg/day feeding in rats induced estrogenic activity, Genistein, feeding in female mice @ 500 and 1000 ppm increased the gestation time and Diazdein causes the inhibition of 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase at 40 &micro;M doses. The assessment was done via the systemic collection of literature from sources such as news papers, conference papers, journals, theory and dissertation articles, electronic databases, manuals, encyclopedia and annual reviews, as well as e-books and reporting. As a result, the preceding discussion focuses on the key phyto-bioactive compounds and their molecular targets in female fertility. This will aid in the successful and secure application of plant bioactive compounds in the field of female reproductive health.</div>

Hybrid Vigor for Alkaloid Contents in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

An in silico Evaluation of Anti-diabetic Potential of Vasicine, A Quinazoline Alkaloid of Justicia adhatoda Linnaeus

Variety and Seeding Time Influence on Flowering Characteristics and Trichodesmine Content in Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.)

Acetovanillone (Apocynin): A Multifaceted Phenolic Compound with Therapeutic and Biotechnological Relevance

Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Analysis among Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

Preliminary estimation of forage yield and feeding value of Lupinus angustifolius varieties cultivated in Jalisco, México, during the cool season

Extraction of Phytochemical Constituents from the Leaves of Vitex trifolia in the Inhibition of Lipoxygenase, Cyclooxygenase, Tyrosinase and Xanthine Oxidase

Water Stress Induced Changes in Seed quality of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) Genotypes

Nutritional and Ethno-Medicinal Potentials of Egg-Lime-Molasses Mixture in Livestock Production

Molecular Targets of Phyto-bioactive Compounds in Female Reproductive System of Mammals: A Review