<div style="text-align: justify;">For rainfed low land paddy ecosystems which is supposed to withstand the sudden rise of water level for short period of time i.e. up to two weeks has been considered as the submergence tolerant. Proper screening and evaluation method are very important for cost effective and economic breeding procedures that will benefits the farmers. The agro morphological characters which are responsible for submergence tolerance; character association and &nbsp;path coefficient analysis will be very much useful to select them for further assessment. Hybrid rice will be another approach which could mitigate the flash flood constraints. Proper understanding of anatomical characters such as aerenchyma formation and changes of diameter of aerenchyma of root, shoot and leaf will be very much important for submergence tolerance if it is linked with genetic factors. Biochemical manipulation of different plant hormone such as gibberellic acid, abscisic acid and &nbsp;ethylene; enzyme like alcohol dehydrogenase synthesis; chlorophyll content and non structural carbohydrate content of shoot has significant role for enhancement of survival during underwater growth. Plant extracts or herbal crude product in the form of dry and wet treatments along with proper growth nutrients will be a holistic approach for sustainable and integrated agriculture and will be a tool for crop improvement in future breeding programme for submergence tolerance in rice.</div>

Breeding for submergence tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its management for flash flood in rainfed low land area: A review

<p style="text-align: justify;">Four pigeon pea genotypes (ICPH-2431, PARAS, UPAS-120, H09-33) were raised in polythene bags filled with half kg soil + FYM manure mixture. Waterlogging, salinity &nbsp;and waterlogging + salinity treatments were given for 8 days and observations were recorded 1 day after removal from treatment in 20 and 40 day old plants. Significant decline in percent survival was observed under waterlogging and combined treatment in 20 and 40 day old plants. Decline in total sugar content and non reducing sugar content was observed under all three treatments in 20 and 40 day old plant leaves. In roots, an initial increase in total soluble sugar content was observed with waterlogging and salinity treatment. Non reducing sugar content also decreased under all the three treatments. An increase in sucrose synthase and alcohol dehydrogenase activity under all three treatments and formation of aerenchyma in roots under waterlogging and combined treatment was also observed. Waterlogging and salinity in combination was more deleterious compared to alone treatments. Roots were more sensitive to all the stresses as compared to leaves. ICPH performed best among all the genotypes.</p>


<p>Independent and interactive effects of waterlogging&nbsp;and salinity on carbohydrate metabolism and root anatomy&nbsp;in pigeonpea genotypes at different growth stages</p>


Breeding for submergence tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its management for flash flood in rainfed low land area: A review

Independent and interactive effects of waterlogging and salinity on carbohydrate metabolism and root anatomy in pigeonpea genotypes at different growth stages