Background: A nutrient-rich staple food throughout Asia and Africa, millet is a hardy and drought-resistant crop. Antioxidant-rich bioactive compounds can be found in abundance in millet. Consuming functional ingredients rich in antioxidants through diet is necessary to enhance human health. In this study, four beneficial ingredients (fenugreek seeds, garden cress seeds, Brahmi leaves and Ekanayakam root bark) were added to barnyard millet which contains several bioactive principles that were utilised to prepare designer vermicelli. 
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Methods: The present study is to formulate the designer vermicelli with a combination of barnyard millet at 40 per cent, functional ingredients of fenugreek seed flour, garden cress seed flour, ekanayakam root bark at 2 per cent and brahmi leave powder at 0.5 per cent. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and glycaemic index for the developed barnyard millet vermicelli incorporated with the functional ingredient. 
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Result: The antioxidant activity measured using DPPH scavenging activity shows that the barnyard millet vermicelli has a high antioxidant activity of 23.28 to 27.18 per cent initially which decreased to 22.94 to 26.74 per cent during the fourth month of storage. The glycemic index of the designer vermicelli varied from 48.25 to 57.91 which was lower than in the control (74.89).

Impact of Glycemic Index and Antioxidant Activity on Human Health of Barnyard Millet-based Designer Vermicelli

Diabetes mellitus, one of the non-communicable diseases, is still the seriously problem due to leading the causes of death in the developed countries. Therefore it is important to identify novel nutraceuticals or drugs for curing or preventing diabetes because the existing synthetic drugs have several limitations. Traditional medicinal plants and medicinal mushrooms are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus more than century, but only a few of these have proofed their safe and efficacy. Aim of this review article is focused Ophiocordyceps sinensis one of the edible and medicinal mushrooms used for therapeutic effects and antioxidant activities. It contains several kinds of polysaccharides, proteins, nitrogen compounds, fatty acids, phenolic acids, and isoflavones. Many researches have evaluated that these phytochemical substances have the major impact on diabetes mellitus. This review focuses on the antihyperglycemic activity of this mushroom and clears that it has the potential to be considered as a candidate for preparing the new treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Antihyperglycemic activity of Ophiocordyceps sinensis: A Review

<div style="text-align: justify;">The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of five adzuki beans were evaluate according to cultivar. The predominant phenolic acids in five cultivars of adzuki bean were (+)-catechin and gallic acid. Antioxidant capacities were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt, and reducing power was positively enhanced according to the total polyphenolic content. In a cell-based assay, adzuki beans showed cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide and inhibitory effects on the production of reactive oxygen species, except for the cultivar Vigna angularis var. nipponensis cv. Whinnarae. In conclusion, (+)-catechin was the predominant phenolic compound found in adzuki beans, but there were differences according to the cultivar. Overall, the adzuki bean cultivars showed different antioxidant activities and cytoprotective effects according to the concentration and composition of phenolic compounds.</div>

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of adzuki bean cultivars

Oxytropis falcata is used as the main material to prepare various Tibetan traditional medicine, which its activity was reported that anti-inflammation and analgesia. Flavonoids is the chemical basis for the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant efficacy. The influence of total flavonoids of Tibetan herb O. falcata on myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury was investigated using ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts. Rats were pretreated with different concentrations of the extract for 7 days. The model of myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury was established by ligating the left anterior descending (LAD) artery in the heart. Following reperfusion for 40 minutes, the enzyme activity of creatine kinase (CK), lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the rat serum were measured. The ultrastructural pathological change was observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The serum levels of CK, LDH, and MDA were reduced, and the activity of SOD and GSH-Px were increased significantly, by chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts (P&lt;0.01, P&lt;0.05). The ultrastructural pathological change in myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury was alleviated by both extracts. The major components in chloroform extract were 7-hydroxy-flavonone and 2&#39;,4&#39;-dihydroxy chalcone. 7-Hydroxy-flavanon naringenine naringetol and 2&#39;,4&#39;-dihydroxy chalcone were the major components in ethyl acetate extract. Total flavonoids of Tibetan herb O. falcata might alleviate myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury.

The pharmacologically active components of Oxytropis falcata bunge&nbsp;reduce ischemic-reperfusion injury in the rat heart

In this study, 4 different extracts of Thymus praecox subsp. grossheimii var. grossheimii (Ronniger) an endemic species of genus Thymus were investigated on gram positive and gram negative test bacteria for the antibacterial activity. The plant extracts were obtained via Soxhlet method, and the antibacterial activities were determined by macrodilution liquid (tube) method (MIC). Results indicated that 4 different extracts at different concentrations showed antibacterial activities on both gram positive and gram negative strains. The highest antibacterial activity was observed in acetone extract against Bacillus cereus, whereas the lowest activity was seen in methanol extract against Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella Enteritidis. In conclusion, it was determined that Thymus praecox subsp. grossheimii var. grossheimii (Ronniger) has an antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative test bacteria.

Determination of antibacterial activities of different Thymus praecox subsp. grossheimii var. grossheimii extracts

Background: Drug aceclofenac is commonly used as an analgesics both topically and orally. Though it has diverse side effects related to oral delivery. Aim of recent work is to design and optimize a transdermal gel loaded with penetration enhancer from various natural sources so as to promote the delivery via skin. 
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Methods: Carbopol was used as a gelling agent. Other ingredients used include essential oil from Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Triethanolamine, tween 80 etc. For animal studies Albino Wistar rats were employed in which analgesic as well as anti-inflammatory activity of Aceclofenac were evaluated. 
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Result: All the prepared Emulgel were good in appearance and viscous in nature. The pH of the Emulgel from both essential oils ranged between 5.00-7.00. The spreading coefficient ranged between 19.00 - 28.00 gm.cm/sec for FA1-FA9 and between 17-26.4 gm.cm/sec for FZ1-FZ9. All the formulations showed optimum viscosity. The drug release percent of Emulgel FA1-FA9 ranged between 75.0-89.0% and 80-90 for FZ1-FZ9. In in-vivo studies comparable analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity were found. As a concluding statement we can say that essential oil from both Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale can act as a potential candidate for enhancement of drug delivery through skin.

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Phytochemical and Pharmacological Screening of Natural Oils to Study Their Synergistic Activity with Aceclofenac

The study aimed at specifying the involvement of rural youth in agricultural activities. The rural youth were actively involved in production and marketing activities bit empirical data to support it was lacking on their participation. The study has been conducted on a sample of 120 rural youth who were already engaged in agriculture from randomly selected six village of Ludhiana district. The data was collected through personal interview schedule. The interview schedule composed of two parts: one for personal characteristics and, the second, information about their involvement in agricultural activities in different crops. The schedule consisted of common field activities. Against each activity, it was designed to obtain responses as fully involved, partially involved/supervised and not involved. The scoring pattern was 3, 2, and 1 for fully involved, partially involved/supervised and not involved. The results revealed that the majority of the respondents were either fully involved or partially involved with regard to common agricultural activities of land preparation. Majority the respondents were fully participated in most of the major activities such as variety selection, sowing and marketing in all crops that were grown by them except in transplanting in case of paddy where they were partially involved. Again majority of them were partially involved in harvesting, disease and pest management and fertilization. Education and extension participation involvement in the cultivation of fodder were found to be positively correlated. Family type, Farming experience, Operational land holding and Extension participation were significantly and positively co-related with the involvement in summer moong, potatoes and berseem.

Involvement of rural youth in agricultural activities&nbsp;in Ludhiana district of Punjab, India&nbsp;

<div>Background: One of the most commonly cultivated plant is Moringa oleifera because it has high medicinal in South India and nutritional values. The phytochemicals in it are widely used for the rapeutic purposes. It has a high economic value because of its usefulness traditionally and has a vast number of bioactive compounds. Phenol is one of the most common antimicrobial compounds found in the seeds of M. oleifera.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this study we aim to analyse Total Phenolic Compound (TPC) and to observe its antimicrobial activity. Seed extracts were prepared using ethanol in Soxhlet apparatus for 36 hrs. The quantification of phenolic compound was done by spectrophotometric method using gallic acid as standard. The crude extract was characterized by HPLC and FTIR, showed that it contained phenol compounds confirmed by specific peak in some areas. FTIR and showed that it contained phenol compounds confirmed by specific peak in some areas. FTIR revealed the following bonds: 3280.92 cm-1 (O&ndash;H groups of phenols), 2922.16 cm-1 (C-H groups of phenols), 1544.98 cm-1 (C=O carbonyl&nbsp;group) and 1230.58 (C-O group of phenol) and 1743.65 cm-1 (C=C group of aromatic compounds). Whereas HPLC analysis of and library search confirmed peaks matches with Gallic acid standard. Moringa seeds were characterized by FTIR before extracted. Therefore the highest Total Phenolic Compound found to be 11.85 mg GAE/g (Gallic Acid Equivalent) was reached at 1: 5 ethanol solvent ratio and 3 days extraction time. 
 
Conclusion: This M. oleifera extract showed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC&nbsp;8561), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC&nbsp;3160) and Proteus mirabilis (MTCC&nbsp;3310). The anti-microbial activity of the M. oleifera seed is due to the presence of various phytochemicals like phenols. Also it exhibits, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that proves further research is needed to elucidate other bioactive compounds over other pathogens.</div>

<div>Investigation on the Phenolic Content in Moringa oleifera and Its Antimicrobial Activity</div>

Background: The safety of laboratory mice plays an important role in the success of laboratory experiments for correct and accurate results. Parasites are one of the most common diseases that affect most organisms. The worm Aspiculuris tetraptera is a common intestinal parasite of Mus musculus and rats, it is spread around the world. Aspiculuris tetraptera infection remains a problem for modern research groups; They should be excluded and monitored in rat populations due to their effects on animal health. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted to assess the anthelmintic activity of Laurus nobilis extract in mice naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera. Used was Thirty-six adult male and female (C57BL/6) mice, naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera, were divided into six groups, each comprising six mice: Group 1, was the negative control (infected, untreated) and Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were treated with 50, 100, 200 and 400 &micro;g/ml of L. nobilis for 5 days respectively. Group 6 was treated with 10 mg/mL Albendazole for 3 days as a positive control. Different six treatments were used to test Aspiculuris tetraptera worms in vitro, Containing 4 concentrations (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/ml) of L. nobilis extract. Ten actively moving adult worms were then placed in each petri dish at room temperature. A saline solution and 10 mg/ml of Albendazole were prepared and used as negative and positive controls. After treatment, observations were made by recording the death time for worms at 20, 40, 80, 120 and 180 minutes. Worms are considered dead if they do not move for 30 seconds after touching their body parts using a surgical needle and the petri dish is shaken. 
 
Result: The analysis of phytochemicals by FT-IR for alcoholic extracts of L. nobilis extracts revealed the presence of 15% effective chemical ingredients responsible for killing worms&rsquo; activity. In vitro, worms died in 20, 40, 80, 120 and 180 minutes. Attained 96% and 100% after 180 minutes at the highest concentrations (200 and 400 mg/ml). At the same time, the untreated group lasted for long hours. The effects of the plant extract (Laurus nobilis) on Aspiculuris tetraptera worms were studied in vivo at therapeutic doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/mL. and the concentration of 400 ml/kg showed the most lethal effects for worms, infected mice that did not receive drugs were compared with the highest concentration of the extract and the reference treatment. The attention showed significant differences P&le;0.05. The results showed that the mortality rate of worms taken from the intestines of the treated mice that were slaughtered three and six sdays after giving the treatment reached 96% and 100% in the concentration of 400 ml/kg of the extract and 89% and 97%for the mice that treated in 10 ml/kg of met Albendazole respectively. This research showed that herbal remedies could lead to new parasitic disease drugs, and their derivatives can be used for medication production and bioactivity improvement.

The Assessment of the Anthelmintic Activity of Laurus nobilis Extract in Mice Naturally Infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera

<div>Background: Finger millet landraces exhibit great diversity as it grown in wide range of climatic conditions. Landraces keep huge nutritional and antioxidant potential but it has been highly ignored during the course of time. Exploration of landraces are essential to find out potential landraces on the backdrop of malnutrition in tribal pockets and nutrient deficiency in urban region.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Finger millet landraces were collected from tribal pockets of Nashik, Ahmednagar, Dhule and Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra, India. Nutritional and antioxidant studies were done by following standard protocols.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Obtained results shows nutritional diversity and exhibit good amount of antioxidant activity. Landraces exhibited significant amount of protein (3.55% to 18.20%), carbohydrates (40% to 78.33%) and reducing sugars (149.67 mg/100 gm to 666 mg/ 100 gm), while vitamin C content did not show variations. Difference in the tannin content of red-brown (7444.67 mg/100gm) and white grains (1347 mg/100gm) was noted. Variation in the phenolic, flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity were noted. The highest antioxidant activity was noted during the investigation (84.95%, 81.41% and 80.53%). To conclude, finger millet landraces are highly nutritious and need to be conserve as potential source of nutrients and antioxidant and for nutritional traits.</div>

Impact of Glycemic Index and Antioxidant Activity on Human Health of Barnyard Millet-based Designer Vermicelli

Antihyperglycemic activity of Ophiocordyceps sinensis: A Review

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of adzuki bean cultivars

The pharmacologically active components of Oxytropis falcata bunge reduce ischemic-reperfusion injury in the rat heart

Determination of antibacterial activities of different Thymus praecox subsp. grossheimii var. grossheimii extracts

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Screening of Natural Oils to Study Their Synergistic Activity with Aceclofenac

Involvement of rural youth in agricultural activities in Ludhiana district of Punjab, India

Investigation on the Phenolic Content in Moringa oleifera and Its Antimicrobial Activity

The Assessment of the Anthelmintic Activity of Laurus nobilis Extract in Mice Naturally Infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera

Analysis of Nutritional Diversity and Antioxidant Activity of Finger Millet Landraces