<div>The current changes in fruit production scenario challenged the quality and quantity of fruits required for the vast population. The abiotic and biotic stresses, encountered at critical growth stages and adversely affect productivity of plants. The abiotic stresses like drought, extremes temperature floods and salinity have emerged as major challenges for production of crops. The different abiotic stressescause morphological, anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes and ultimately impacting the productivity and quality of plants. Timely intervention with appropriate adaptation strategies would help in realizing sustainable yields and further enable to overcome adverse effects of abiotic stresses. Successful cultivation of crops and attaining reasonable yields under abiotic stress situations mainly depends on the available adaptation options. Practices like modification in cultural practices, adopting novel irrigation, choice of tolerant rootstocks, choice of tolerant cultivars/crops and biotechnological approaches are to be implemented for alleviating adverse effects. Though, the productivity of fruit crops remains low in areas experiencing abiotic stresses. Therefore, focus is required for developing integrated location-specific and crop- specific adaptation strategies for various abiotic stresses. The integration of all available adaptation options would be the most effective approach in sustaining the production and productivity of fruit crops under abiotic stresses.</div>

Abiotic Stress Management in Fruit Crops: A Review

<div>Background: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum which is considered as a &ldquo;King of pulses&rdquo; get adversely affected by several biotic and abiotic stresses, out of which gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (H&uuml;bner) is the major one. The damage caused by H. armigera starts from vegetative growth and continues till maturity of the crop. This pest is causes 25 to 70 per cent pod damage in chickpea but in favorable conditions pod damage goes upto 95 per cent.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Present study was carried out during, rabi, 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Bikaner (Rajasthan). Correlation coefficient was worked out with weather parameters such as temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity (maximum and minimum), rainfall and sunshine hours. Multiple linear forms of regression model were also used to assess the effect of the weather parameters on the incidence of pod borer. 
 
Result: The studies revealed that peak larval population of gram pod borer was recorded in the second fortnight of February thereafter, population declined abruptly. The larval population of pod borer on chickpea occurred low at vegetative and flowering stages and high at pod formation as well as at grain developmental stages. The temperature (maximum and minimum) and sunshine hours had significant positive correlation with larval population during rabi, 2015-16. The maximum relative humidity showed significant negative correlation during rabi, 2015-16 whereas, minimum relative humidity showed significant negative correlation with larval population during both the seasons. The rainfall showed significant positive correlation during rabi, 2014-15.</div>

Relationship between Weather Parameters and Incidence of Gram Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera on Chickpea

Background: Climate change is predicted to aggravate abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and temperature, harshly affecting crop plants, especially rice plants and reducing their productivity. Soil quality is affected by stress conditions, which makes it a big challenge to secure food resources in rice-growing regions. Abiotic stress-tolerant rice is necessary to grow in extreme environmental conditions for food safety. 
 
Methods: The present investigation was carried out by randomly selecting ten local rice varieties and screening them naturally for salt and drought tolerance. In this study, the salinity-sensitive rice variety (IR64) was taken as a control. We analysed biochemical parameters such as H2O2, chlorophyll, proline content, relative water content (RWC), lipid peroxidation (MDA) content, CAT (catalase), GPX (guaiacol peroxidase), GR (glutathione reductase), leaf disc assay, electrolytic leakage and hormone assay. The photosynthetic parameters were also determined to identify the salinity and drought-tolerant rice lines. 
 
Result: Our results showed that stress-tolerant rice varieties, such as T2 (Jagannath) and T5 (Swarnamayee), T3 (Parijata) and T9 (Prativa) have higher chlorophyll, endogenous ion and soluble sugar contents than other varieties. The present study can help to develop stress-tolerant rice plants worldwide and increase food availability in salinity and drought environments. 
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Antioxidant and Agronomical Screening of Oryza sativa L. in Response to Abiotic Stress from Local Landraces

<div>Background: The solitary endo-larval parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is an important biocontrol agent of H. armigera in chickpea ecosystem. Abiotic factors are likely to affect the insect host and activity of its parasitoid. Therefore, the present study was conducted to understand the impact of weather factors and different dates of sowing on per cent parasitization of Helicoverpa armigera (H&uuml;bner) by Campoletis chlorideae (Uchida) in chickpea ecosystem. 
 
Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation were carried out at Pantnagar during the cropping season of 2017-18. Twenty-five larvae of H. armigera (first and second instars) were collected randomly at weekly basis from untreated chickpea crop. In the laboratory, the collected larvae were reared till parasitoid emergence and observed for per cent parasitisation.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The observation recorded revealed that mean seasonal parasitism by Campoletis on larvae of H. armigera was found to be 21%, 43.5% and 34.5% in early (20th October), normal (11th November) and late sown crop (1st December), respectively. Various abiotic parameters like maximum and minimum temperature, maximum and minimum relative humidity registered high level of significant association with per cent parasitization in early and normal sown crop compared to the low level of association in late sown crop. The multiple regression analysis showed that the combined effect of all the meteorological parameters were responsible for 90%, 57.9% and 30.5% variation in per cent parasitization in early, normal and late sown crop, respectively.</div>

<div>Impact of Abiotic Factors and Dates of Sowing on Helicoverpa armigera (H&uuml;bner) Parasitoid Campoletis chloridae (Uchida) under Chickpea Cropping System in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand</div>

Biochemical and electrolyte parameters play an assistant role for the faster and realistic evaluation of multiple organ dysfunction. The present study was designed to investigate the changes in serum biochemical and electrolyte parameters of Arbor Acres (AA) broiler chickens during acute heat stress. AA broiler chickens (N=120) were randomly allocated to four groups: control group at 22 &plusmn; 1 &deg;C and heat stress group at 2 h, 5h and 10h, respectively (HS2, HS5, and HS10) at 38&plusmn;1&deg;C. All groups of serum electrolyte and biochemical parameters, including serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, amylase, cholesterol, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. These results indicated that heat stress have significant (p &lt;0.05) effect on serum biochemical and electrolyte parameters of broiler chickens, which assist preliminary evaluation of the damage degree of corresponding organs.&nbsp; 
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Acute heat stress in broiler chickens and its impact on serum biochemical and electrolyte parameters

<div>Kolleru lake is one of Asia&rsquo;s largest freshwater lakes, which has undergone tremendous changes in the water quality due to the sewage, pollution and development of aquaculture in its surrounding area. This study is undertaken to evaluate the present water quality scenario existing in Kolleru lake, which has been affected seriously due to the anthropogenic disturbances since long. &nbsp;Water samples were collected from ten sampling locations within the lake during pre and post-monsoon seasons of 2017-18. A total of 11 water quality parameters were analysed such as pH, temperature, EC, TDS, TSS, total alkalinity, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, salinity, COD, and nitrates. Parameters were estimated by using a standard protocol of APHA 2012. The spatial distribution maps of water quality were generated from pre and post monsoon data using Arc GIS software. Spatio-temporal variation of all parameters indicated that the water quality found was unsatisfactory within the Kolleru lake. The present study shows the better water quality in the post-monsoon season. The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation spatial mapping was also used for water quality mapping to observe the environmental variation for protecting the important freshwater ecosystem-Kolleru lake. The outcome of GIS analysis demonstrated the spatial visualization of the lodging evolution and geographical distribution trends of water quality parameters within the study area.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Water Quality Parameters in Ramsar Site-Kolleru Lake</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The major abiotic stress limiting productivity of pigeon pea includes undulated topography, waterlogging, drought, frost, poor soil fertility. Management techniques of abiotic stresses significantly increased yield, net profit and B:C ratio as compared to farmers practice (FP). Adoption of abiotic stresses resulted in an increase of grain yield by 7.2 to 38.5% over FP. Major technological impact on grain yield compared to FP was in order: broad bed furrow (BBF) sowing method (38.5%) &gt; nutrient management (21.0%) &gt; seed treatment (14.9%) &gt; short duration cultivar (7.3%) &gt; precision land shaping (PLS) method (7.2%). Maximum additional cost on nutrient management was &nbsp;2,360 ha-1 and it was minimum on seed treatment (265 ha-1), whereas saving due to BBF was .1,554 ha-1 and maximum additional net returns were obtained with BBF (30,551 ha-1) and minimum with PLS (4,804 ha-1) compared to FP. Maximum additional energy used was on nutrient management and minimum on seed treatment, whereas energy saved under BBF compared to FP. Higher additional net energy gain was with BBF followed by nutrient management, seed treatment, PLS and short duration cultivar over FP. PLS, BBF, seed treatment and nutrient management significantly increased infiltration rate and available N, P, K, S and Zn but decreased bulk density. Management of abiotic stresses by proper technologies increased pigeon pea production three times compared to average productivity of the country, resulted in increased economic benefits, energy productivity and improved soil physicochemical properties.</div>

On farm abiotic stress management in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and its impact on yield, economics and soil properties

<div>Background: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the more important cultivated crops in the Mediterranean region, where drought and high temperatures during the grain filling stage are the main abiotic stresses limiting its production. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the spike type on the grain yield, thousand kernels weight and some grain filling parameters. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on the experimental site of station ITGC in Setif, Algeria, eight Barley genotypes were tested during two cropping seasons (2017/2018 and 2018/2019) in a randomized block design with 3 replications. 
 
Result: The results proved significant effect of genotypes and spike types on the grain filling parameters, but no significant effect of spike type on the thousand kernels weight during the both cropping seasons. In addition, the spike type registered significant effect just during the second cropping season. Among the genotypes with 6 rows spike type the local genotype Fouarra have high grain yield (97.79 Q/ha) with a deviation of 37.57% from the total mean of the genotypes with 6 row spike type. Many studies proved that in 6-row barleys, the magnitude of contribution of grain number in grain yield was higher than contribution of grain weight. The grain growth of genotypes studied follows a sigmoid curve, during the first season (2017-2018) the duration of grain filling ranged between 24 days for Saida 183 and 28 days for Rihane 03, for the group of genotypes with 6 rows. In addition, the duration of grain filling for the 2 row genotypes varied from 24 days for G4 to 28 days for genotype G2. During the second season (2018-2019) and for the genotypes with 6 rows, the duration of the grain filling varied from 21 days for the Saida 183 and 26 days for the genotype Fouarra, for the genotypes with 2 rows the duration of grain filling ranged from 21 days for the genotype G2 to 26 days for the genotype G3. The correlation analysis between the grain filling parameters, GY and TKW demonstrate a significant and positive correlation between TKW and MGW and GFR (r = 0.82* and r = 0.84*, respectively). Overall, the genotype variation in grain filling velocity and duration was responsible for the difference in grain yield and the improvement in grain yield was achieved by the increasing in velocity or duration of grain filling. &nbsp;</div>

The Effect of Spike Row Type on the Grain Yield and Grain Filling Parameters in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes under Semi-arid Conditions

<div>Background: Among the pulse crops mungbean is one of the richest sources of protein. There is great loss in the yield of mungbean due to various reasons may be biotic or abiotic constraints. To overcome the yield loss various physiological activities are studied. Physiological activities of the plant are greatly influenced by the source manipulation, plant growth regulators and chemical in mungbean. In correspondence to this, an experiment was conducted to study the physiological parameters in greengram. 
 
Methods: A factorial randomized block design in two respective years, i.e. 2016 and 2017 to study the response of source manipulation (nipping, 25% defoliation and 50% defoliation), plant growth regulators (GA3 and NAA at 25 and 50mg/l respectively) and chemical (Thiourea 500 and 1000mg/l) on the physiological parameters like Crop Growth Rate (CGR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) and Leaf Area (LA) in greengram at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS/harvest at Regional Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand.&nbsp; 
 
Result: From the obtained results it can be proposed that the physiological parameters like crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate increased with the increasing phase and decreased at harvesting stage. While leaf area increased significantly at each growth phase. The treatment of nipping M2 was noted significantly higher value for CGR i.e., 8.42, 16.17 and 11.48 g/cm2/day/10, for RGR i.e., 0.544, 2.967 and 1.290 g/day, for NAR i.e., 0.466, 2.959 and 1.484 mg/cm2/day and for LA i.e. 96.87, 218.94, 381.88 and 588.78 cm2. While the treatment S2 GA3 25 mg/l was noted significantly higher value for CGR i.e, 8.60, 16.67 and 11.69 g/cm2/day/10, for RGR i.e., 0.568, 2.938 and 1.202 g/day, for NAR i.e., 0.372, 3.043 and 1.529 mg/cm2/day and for LA i.e., 96.61, 224.75, 382.20 and 580.42 cm2 contributing to the higher seed yield under M2 nipping treatment i.e., (1719.7 kg/ha) and S2 treatment i.e., GA3 25 mg/l (1714.1 kg/ha). Thus, GAM-5 had a better source-sink partitioning efficiency.</div>

<div>Response of Physiological Parameters in Greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilckzek) cv. GAM-5 to Source Manipulation, Plant Growth Regulators and Chemical</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">In this study, some biochemical parameters of hair goat kids which had consumed excessive amounts of oak leaves and acorns in the autumn season and displayed toxicity symptoms during clinical inspections were evaluated. Blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of the goat kids. Glucose, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, Na, K, Cl, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels of poisoned animals were found to be within the reported reference intervals. Creatinine, total protein, albumin, Ca, Mg and Fe levels, on the other hand, were found to be below the reference intervals. As a result, it was concluded that goats reflect the clinical findings of oak poisoning described in the literature, which courses with lowered amounts of mineral (Fe, Mg, Ca), TP, albumin and creatinine, yet without a significant change in other biochemical parameters. It can also be concluded that excessive consumption of oak by goats was capable of leading to toxicity.</div>

Abiotic Stress Management in Fruit Crops: A Review

Relationship between Weather Parameters and Incidence of Gram Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera on Chickpea

Antioxidant and Agronomical Screening of Oryza sativa L. in Response to Abiotic Stress from Local Landraces

Impact of Abiotic Factors and Dates of Sowing on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) Parasitoid Campoletis chloridae (Uchida) under Chickpea Cropping System in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand

Acute heat stress in broiler chickens and its impact on serum biochemical and electrolyte parameters

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Water Quality Parameters in Ramsar Site-Kolleru Lake

On farm abiotic stress management in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and its impact on yield, economics and soil properties

The Effect of Spike Row Type on the Grain Yield and Grain Filling Parameters in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes under Semi-arid Conditions

Response of Physiological Parameters in Greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilckzek) cv. GAM-5 to Source Manipulation, Plant Growth Regulators and Chemical

Changes in some biochemical parameters of hair goat kids diagnosed with oak poisoning