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Full Research Article

Effect of Organic Nutrient Management Practices on Growth, Biomass Accumulation and Physiological Attributes of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

T
Tinku Raj Singh1,2
S
Sucheta Dahiya2,*
S
Satyanarayana Rao3
1College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur-584 104, Karnataka, India.
2Department of Agronomy (NRM), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram-122 505, Haryana, India.
3Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur-584 104, Karnataka, India.

ABSTRACT

Background: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) productivity is declining due to continuous use of chemical fertilizers and deterioration of soil health. Integrated organic nutrient management is considered a sustainable approach to enhance crop growth and maintain soil fertility.

Methods: A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2021-22 at Raichur using a randomized complete block design with eleven treatments and three replications. Different combinations of compost, vermicompost and poultry manure were applied as basal and top dressing along with foliar sprays of panchagavya and vermiwash to evaluate their effect on growth, biomass and physiological parameters of cotton.

Result: Treatment T10 recorded the highest plant height (99.5 cm), total dry matter production (408.6 g plant-1), leaf area (85.2 dm2 plant-1), leaf area index (3.15) and SPAD value (45.6). Integrated organic nutrient management significantly improved growth and physiological attributes compared to sole compost application.

INTRODUCTION

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a major commercial fibre crop cultivated across diverse agro-climatic regions and serves as an important source of raw material for the textile industry while supporting the livelihoods of millions of farmers (Vitale et al., 2024). In India, cotton contributes substantially to agricultural GDP, employment generation and export earnings (Selvakumar et al., 2025). However, intensive reliance on chemical fertilizers has led to declining soil fertility, depletion of soil organic matter, nutrient imbalances and reduced soil biological activity, adversely affecting crop productivity and sustainability (Shi et al., 2024). These challenges have increased interest in environmentally sustainable nutrient management approaches.
       
Organic inputs improve soil organic carbon, soil structure, nutrient availability, microbial activity and enzymatic functions, thereby enhancing soil fertility and crop growth (Lori et al., 2017; Selim, 2018; Bhattacharyya et al., 2021). Liquid organic formulations such as panchagavya and vermiwash further promote nutrient uptake, physiological activity and plant growth (Ramya et al., 2022). Organic production systems have also been shown to improve energy-use efficiency and sustainability in cotton cultivation (Iswarya et al., 2024). However, information on the integrated use of solid and liquid organic inputs for improving physiological traits of cotton under semi-arid conditions remains limited, warranting further investigation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2021-22 at the organic block of the Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, located in the north-eastern dry zone (Zone II) at 16°12′N latitude, 77°20′E longitude and 389 m above mean sea level. The experimental site was characterized by deep black, slightly alkaline soil. During the crop season, the area received 216.1 mm rainfall with mean temperature ranging from 25-35°C and relative humidity of 60-70%.
       
The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eleven treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of different combinations of compost, vermicompost, poultry manure, panchagavya and vermiwash applied as basal, top-dressing and foliar treatments (Table 1). The nutrient composition of compost, vermicompost and poultry manure was 0.77, 1.57 and 2.10% N; 0.68, 0.79 and 1.80% P; and 1.01, 1.22 and 1.39% K, respectively.

Table 1: Plant height at different growth stages of cotton as influenced by nutrient management practices under organic cultivation.


       
Cotton seeds of pre-release variety SCS-1062 (yield potential: 22-25 q ha-1) were treated with azospirillum and phosphate solubilizing bacteria before sowing. Sowing was done by hand dibbling at a spacing of 90 × 30 cm, followed by thinning at 7 days after germination to maintain one healthy plant per hill. Five plants were randomly tagged in each plot for recording observations on growth, biomass accumulation and physiological parameters at 30, 60, 90, 120 DAS and at harvest. The experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and treatment means were compared at the 5% level of significance (P≤0.05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect of organic nutrient management on plant height
 
Plant height was significantly influenced by organic nutrient management (Table 1). Treatment T10 recorded the highest plant height, followed by T11 and T8, while T1 showed the lowest. The superior performance of T10 may be due to integrated nutrient application, ensuring continuous nutrient supply and improved microbial activity, promoting better growth. Similar findings were reported by (Selvakumar et al., 2025; Shi et al., 2024; Abisankar et al., 2024; Sanjivkumar et al., 2025; Marimuthu and Amanullah, 2021).
 
Number of branches
 
Branching behaviour (monopodial and sympodial) was significantly influenced by nutrient management (Table 2). Treatment T10 recorded maximum branches due to improved nutrient availability and hormonal stimulation from integrated organic inputs. Organic sources are known to improve auxin and cytokinin activity, leading to increased branching. These findings are in agreement with (Channagouda et al., 2015; Sanjivkumar et al., 2025).

Table 2: Effect of organic nutrient management on monopodial and sympodial branches (plant-1) of cotton at different growth stages.


 
Effect on dry matter accumulation
 
Dry matter accumulation in leaves, stems and reproductive parts was significantly influenced by organic nutrient management (Table 3). Treatment T10 recorded the highest accumulation, followed by T11 and T8, while T1 was lowest. Increased biomass under integrated treatments may be due to enhanced nutrient mineralization, microbial activity, efficient photosynthesis and improved assimilate production and partitioning (Paramesh et al., 2023). Similar results were reported by (Yu et al., 2025; Selim, 2018).

Table 3: Effect of organic nutrient management on dry matter accumulation in leaves, stems and reproductive parts (g plant-1) of cotton at different growth stages.


 
Effect on total dry matter production and its rate
 
Total dry matter production and its rate varied significantly among treatments (Table 4). Treatment T10 recorded the highest values, followed by T11 and T8, while T1 was lowest. This improvement may be due to sustained nutrient release, efficient uptake and improved source-sink relationship under integrated organic nutrient management. These findings are supported by (Bhattacharyya et al., 2021; Selim, 2018).

Table 4: Effect of organic nutrient management on dry matter production and its rate in cotton.


 
Effect on leaf area and leaf area index (LAI)
 
Leaf area and leaf area index were significantly influenced by different treatments (Table 5). Treatment T10 recorded the highest leaf area and LAI, followed by T11 and T8, while T1 recorded the lowest values. Improved canopy development under integrated treatments may be due to enhanced nutrient availability and better physiological efficiency, resulting in increased photosynthetic surface area. Organic inputs also improve soil structure and moisture retention, which further supports leaf expansion. These findings are supported by (Selvakumar et al., 2025; Ramya et al., 2022; Sanjivkumar et al., 2025; Marimuthu and Amanullah, 2021).

Table 5: Effect of organic nutrient management on leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) of cotton at different growth stages.


 
Effect on SPAD value (chlorophyll content)
 
SPAD values were significantly influenced by organic nutrient management (Table 6). Treatment T10 recorded the highest values, followed by T11 and T8, while T1 showed the lowest. Higher chlorophyll content under integrated treatments may be due to sustained nutrient supply and growth-promoting substances, enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and overall plant performance. These findings are supported by (Jiménez-Ríos et al., 2024; Meena et al., 2014).

Table 6: SPAD value at different growth stages of cotton as influenced by nutrient management practices under organic cultivation.

CONCLUSION

Integrated organic nutrient management significantly improved growth, biomass accumulation and physiological attributes of cotton. Treatment T10 proved superior owing to balanced nutrient supply and improved physiological efficiency under organic cultivation. The study suggests that integrated use of organic inputs is a sustainable approach for improving cotton productivity and maintaining soil health under semi-arid conditions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors acknowledge supervisors for guidance and thank the co- authors for their contribution, UAS Raichur for providing facilities and support.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The study involved no human or animal subjects.

REFERENCES


  1. Abisankar, M.S., Augustine, R., Manuel, R.I. and Kumar, S.M.S. (2024). Morphological and productivity response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to nano biofertilization. Legume Research. 47(12): 2123-2128. doi: 10.18805/LR-5368.

  2. Bhattacharyya, R., Rabbi, S.M., Zhang, Y., Young, I.M., Jones, A.R., Dennis, P.G. and Dalal, R.C. (2021). Soil organic carbon is significantly associated with the pore geometry, microbial diversity and enzyme activity of the macro- aggregates under different land uses. Science of the Total Environment. 778: 146286.

  3. Channagouda, R.F., Babalad, H.B. and Dineshkumar, S.P. (2015). Effect of organic manures, green leaf manures, liquid organic manures and micronutrients on yield and economics of cotton (Gossypium spp.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 85(10): 1273-1278.

  4. Iswarya, S., Shanmugam, P. M., Somasundaram, E., Chitdeshwari, T. and Suganthy, M. (2024). Energy budgeting and efficiency analysis of organic cotton: A DEA approach. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 58(3): 389-397. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6121.

  5. Jiménez-Ríos, L., Torrado, A., González-Pimentel, J.L., Iniesta- Pallarés, M., Molina-Heredia, F.P., Mariscal, V. and Álvarez, C. (2024). Emerging nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria for sustainable cotton cultivation. Science of the Total Environment. 924: 171533.

  6. Lori, M., Symnaczik, S., Mäder, P., De Deyn, G. and Gattinger, A. (2017). Organic farming enhances soil microbial abundance and activity-A meta-analysis and meta-regression. PloS One. 12(7): e0180-442.

  7. Marimuthu, S. and Amanullah, M.M. (2021). Response of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to organic amendments and weed-management practices. Indian Journal of Agronomy.  66(4): 449-454.

  8. Meena, V.S., Maurya, B.R. and Verma, J.P. (2014). Does a rhizospheric microorganism enhance K+ availability in agricultural soils? Microbiological Research. 169(5-6): 337-347.

  9. Paramesh, V., Kumar, P., Bhagat, T., Nath, A.J., Manohara, K.K., Das, B and Prasad, P.V. (2023). Integrated nutrient management enhances yield, improves soil quality and conserves energy under the lowland rice-rice cropping system. Agronomy. 13(6): 1557.

  10. Ramya, S., Pandove, G., Oberoi, H., Kaur, S. and Kalia, A. (2022). Improvement in the quality attributes of forage cowpea by use of liquid microbial inoculants. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 56(8): 959-965. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4503.

  11. Selim, M. (2018). Potential role of cropping system and integrated nutrient management on nutrients uptake and utilization by maize grown in calcareous soil. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy. 40(3): 297-312.

  12. Sanjivkumar, V., Baskar, K., Manoharan, S., Solaimalai, A., Chary, G.R. and Gopinath, K.A. (2025). Response of rainfed Bt cotton to different crop residues application on yield, soil fertility and nutrient uptake under deep black vertisols. Agricultural Science Digest. 45(3): 403-409. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-5501.

  13. Selvakumar, S., Ragavan, T., Gurusamy, A., Prabhaharan, J., Gunasekaran, M., Sivakumar, T. and Hussainy, S.A.H. (2025). Impact of different nutrient management strategies on growth, yield components and yield of coloured cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cv. Vaidehi 1. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 9: 1544696.

  14. Shi, X., Hao, X., Shi, F., Li, N., Tian, Y., Han, P. and Luo, H. (2024). Improving cotton productivity and nutrient use efficiency by partially replacing chemical fertilizers with organic liquid fertilizer under mulched drip irrigation. Industrial Crops and Products. 216: 118731.

  15. Vitale, G.S., Scavo, A., Zingale, S., Tuttolomondo, T., Santonoceto, C., Pandino, G. and Guarnaccia, P. (2024). Agronomic strategies for sustainable cotton production: A systematic literature review. Agriculture. 14(9): 1597.

  16. Yu, M., He, H., Cheng, L., Li, S., Wan, T., Qin, J. and Li, J. (2025). Bio-organic fertilizers enhance yield in continuous cotton cropping systems through rhizosphere microbiota modulation and soil nutrient improvement. Agronomy.  15(9): 2238.
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    Full Research Article

    Effect of Organic Nutrient Management Practices on Growth, Biomass Accumulation and Physiological Attributes of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

    T
    Tinku Raj Singh1,2
    S
    Sucheta Dahiya2,*
    S
    Satyanarayana Rao3
    1College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur-584 104, Karnataka, India.
    2Department of Agronomy (NRM), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram-122 505, Haryana, India.
    3Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur-584 104, Karnataka, India.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) productivity is declining due to continuous use of chemical fertilizers and deterioration of soil health. Integrated organic nutrient management is considered a sustainable approach to enhance crop growth and maintain soil fertility.

    Methods: A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2021-22 at Raichur using a randomized complete block design with eleven treatments and three replications. Different combinations of compost, vermicompost and poultry manure were applied as basal and top dressing along with foliar sprays of panchagavya and vermiwash to evaluate their effect on growth, biomass and physiological parameters of cotton.

    Result: Treatment T10 recorded the highest plant height (99.5 cm), total dry matter production (408.6 g plant-1), leaf area (85.2 dm2 plant-1), leaf area index (3.15) and SPAD value (45.6). Integrated organic nutrient management significantly improved growth and physiological attributes compared to sole compost application.

    INTRODUCTION

    Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a major commercial fibre crop cultivated across diverse agro-climatic regions and serves as an important source of raw material for the textile industry while supporting the livelihoods of millions of farmers (Vitale et al., 2024). In India, cotton contributes substantially to agricultural GDP, employment generation and export earnings (Selvakumar et al., 2025). However, intensive reliance on chemical fertilizers has led to declining soil fertility, depletion of soil organic matter, nutrient imbalances and reduced soil biological activity, adversely affecting crop productivity and sustainability (Shi et al., 2024). These challenges have increased interest in environmentally sustainable nutrient management approaches.
           
    Organic inputs improve soil organic carbon, soil structure, nutrient availability, microbial activity and enzymatic functions, thereby enhancing soil fertility and crop growth (Lori et al., 2017; Selim, 2018; Bhattacharyya et al., 2021). Liquid organic formulations such as panchagavya and vermiwash further promote nutrient uptake, physiological activity and plant growth (Ramya et al., 2022). Organic production systems have also been shown to improve energy-use efficiency and sustainability in cotton cultivation (Iswarya et al., 2024). However, information on the integrated use of solid and liquid organic inputs for improving physiological traits of cotton under semi-arid conditions remains limited, warranting further investigation.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2021-22 at the organic block of the Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, located in the north-eastern dry zone (Zone II) at 16°12′N latitude, 77°20′E longitude and 389 m above mean sea level. The experimental site was characterized by deep black, slightly alkaline soil. During the crop season, the area received 216.1 mm rainfall with mean temperature ranging from 25-35°C and relative humidity of 60-70%.
           
    The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eleven treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of different combinations of compost, vermicompost, poultry manure, panchagavya and vermiwash applied as basal, top-dressing and foliar treatments (Table 1). The nutrient composition of compost, vermicompost and poultry manure was 0.77, 1.57 and 2.10% N; 0.68, 0.79 and 1.80% P; and 1.01, 1.22 and 1.39% K, respectively.

    Table 1: Plant height at different growth stages of cotton as influenced by nutrient management practices under organic cultivation.


           
    Cotton seeds of pre-release variety SCS-1062 (yield potential: 22-25 q ha-1) were treated with azospirillum and phosphate solubilizing bacteria before sowing. Sowing was done by hand dibbling at a spacing of 90 × 30 cm, followed by thinning at 7 days after germination to maintain one healthy plant per hill. Five plants were randomly tagged in each plot for recording observations on growth, biomass accumulation and physiological parameters at 30, 60, 90, 120 DAS and at harvest. The experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and treatment means were compared at the 5% level of significance (P≤0.05).

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    Effect of organic nutrient management on plant height
     
    Plant height was significantly influenced by organic nutrient management (Table 1). Treatment T10 recorded the highest plant height, followed by T11 and T8, while T1 showed the lowest. The superior performance of T10 may be due to integrated nutrient application, ensuring continuous nutrient supply and improved microbial activity, promoting better growth. Similar findings were reported by (Selvakumar et al., 2025; Shi et al., 2024; Abisankar et al., 2024; Sanjivkumar et al., 2025; Marimuthu and Amanullah, 2021).
     
    Number of branches
     
    Branching behaviour (monopodial and sympodial) was significantly influenced by nutrient management (Table 2). Treatment T10 recorded maximum branches due to improved nutrient availability and hormonal stimulation from integrated organic inputs. Organic sources are known to improve auxin and cytokinin activity, leading to increased branching. These findings are in agreement with (Channagouda et al., 2015; Sanjivkumar et al., 2025).

    Table 2: Effect of organic nutrient management on monopodial and sympodial branches (plant-1) of cotton at different growth stages.


     
    Effect on dry matter accumulation
     
    Dry matter accumulation in leaves, stems and reproductive parts was significantly influenced by organic nutrient management (Table 3). Treatment T10 recorded the highest accumulation, followed by T11 and T8, while T1 was lowest. Increased biomass under integrated treatments may be due to enhanced nutrient mineralization, microbial activity, efficient photosynthesis and improved assimilate production and partitioning (Paramesh et al., 2023). Similar results were reported by (Yu et al., 2025; Selim, 2018).

    Table 3: Effect of organic nutrient management on dry matter accumulation in leaves, stems and reproductive parts (g plant-1) of cotton at different growth stages.


     
    Effect on total dry matter production and its rate
     
    Total dry matter production and its rate varied significantly among treatments (Table 4). Treatment T10 recorded the highest values, followed by T11 and T8, while T1 was lowest. This improvement may be due to sustained nutrient release, efficient uptake and improved source-sink relationship under integrated organic nutrient management. These findings are supported by (Bhattacharyya et al., 2021; Selim, 2018).

    Table 4: Effect of organic nutrient management on dry matter production and its rate in cotton.


     
    Effect on leaf area and leaf area index (LAI)
     
    Leaf area and leaf area index were significantly influenced by different treatments (Table 5). Treatment T10 recorded the highest leaf area and LAI, followed by T11 and T8, while T1 recorded the lowest values. Improved canopy development under integrated treatments may be due to enhanced nutrient availability and better physiological efficiency, resulting in increased photosynthetic surface area. Organic inputs also improve soil structure and moisture retention, which further supports leaf expansion. These findings are supported by (Selvakumar et al., 2025; Ramya et al., 2022; Sanjivkumar et al., 2025; Marimuthu and Amanullah, 2021).

    Table 5: Effect of organic nutrient management on leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) of cotton at different growth stages.


     
    Effect on SPAD value (chlorophyll content)
     
    SPAD values were significantly influenced by organic nutrient management (Table 6). Treatment T10 recorded the highest values, followed by T11 and T8, while T1 showed the lowest. Higher chlorophyll content under integrated treatments may be due to sustained nutrient supply and growth-promoting substances, enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and overall plant performance. These findings are supported by (Jiménez-Ríos et al., 2024; Meena et al., 2014).

    Table 6: SPAD value at different growth stages of cotton as influenced by nutrient management practices under organic cultivation.

    CONCLUSION

    Integrated organic nutrient management significantly improved growth, biomass accumulation and physiological attributes of cotton. Treatment T10 proved superior owing to balanced nutrient supply and improved physiological efficiency under organic cultivation. The study suggests that integrated use of organic inputs is a sustainable approach for improving cotton productivity and maintaining soil health under semi-arid conditions.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    The authors acknowledge supervisors for guidance and thank the co- authors for their contribution, UAS Raichur for providing facilities and support.

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    The authors declare no conflict of interest. The study involved no human or animal subjects.

    REFERENCES


    1. Abisankar, M.S., Augustine, R., Manuel, R.I. and Kumar, S.M.S. (2024). Morphological and productivity response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to nano biofertilization. Legume Research. 47(12): 2123-2128. doi: 10.18805/LR-5368.

    2. Bhattacharyya, R., Rabbi, S.M., Zhang, Y., Young, I.M., Jones, A.R., Dennis, P.G. and Dalal, R.C. (2021). Soil organic carbon is significantly associated with the pore geometry, microbial diversity and enzyme activity of the macro- aggregates under different land uses. Science of the Total Environment. 778: 146286.

    3. Channagouda, R.F., Babalad, H.B. and Dineshkumar, S.P. (2015). Effect of organic manures, green leaf manures, liquid organic manures and micronutrients on yield and economics of cotton (Gossypium spp.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 85(10): 1273-1278.

    4. Iswarya, S., Shanmugam, P. M., Somasundaram, E., Chitdeshwari, T. and Suganthy, M. (2024). Energy budgeting and efficiency analysis of organic cotton: A DEA approach. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 58(3): 389-397. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6121.

    5. Jiménez-Ríos, L., Torrado, A., González-Pimentel, J.L., Iniesta- Pallarés, M., Molina-Heredia, F.P., Mariscal, V. and Álvarez, C. (2024). Emerging nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria for sustainable cotton cultivation. Science of the Total Environment. 924: 171533.

    6. Lori, M., Symnaczik, S., Mäder, P., De Deyn, G. and Gattinger, A. (2017). Organic farming enhances soil microbial abundance and activity-A meta-analysis and meta-regression. PloS One. 12(7): e0180-442.

    7. Marimuthu, S. and Amanullah, M.M. (2021). Response of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to organic amendments and weed-management practices. Indian Journal of Agronomy.  66(4): 449-454.

    8. Meena, V.S., Maurya, B.R. and Verma, J.P. (2014). Does a rhizospheric microorganism enhance K+ availability in agricultural soils? Microbiological Research. 169(5-6): 337-347.

    9. Paramesh, V., Kumar, P., Bhagat, T., Nath, A.J., Manohara, K.K., Das, B and Prasad, P.V. (2023). Integrated nutrient management enhances yield, improves soil quality and conserves energy under the lowland rice-rice cropping system. Agronomy. 13(6): 1557.

    10. Ramya, S., Pandove, G., Oberoi, H., Kaur, S. and Kalia, A. (2022). Improvement in the quality attributes of forage cowpea by use of liquid microbial inoculants. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 56(8): 959-965. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4503.

    11. Selim, M. (2018). Potential role of cropping system and integrated nutrient management on nutrients uptake and utilization by maize grown in calcareous soil. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy. 40(3): 297-312.

    12. Sanjivkumar, V., Baskar, K., Manoharan, S., Solaimalai, A., Chary, G.R. and Gopinath, K.A. (2025). Response of rainfed Bt cotton to different crop residues application on yield, soil fertility and nutrient uptake under deep black vertisols. Agricultural Science Digest. 45(3): 403-409. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-5501.

    13. Selvakumar, S., Ragavan, T., Gurusamy, A., Prabhaharan, J., Gunasekaran, M., Sivakumar, T. and Hussainy, S.A.H. (2025). Impact of different nutrient management strategies on growth, yield components and yield of coloured cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cv. Vaidehi 1. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 9: 1544696.

    14. Shi, X., Hao, X., Shi, F., Li, N., Tian, Y., Han, P. and Luo, H. (2024). Improving cotton productivity and nutrient use efficiency by partially replacing chemical fertilizers with organic liquid fertilizer under mulched drip irrigation. Industrial Crops and Products. 216: 118731.

    15. Vitale, G.S., Scavo, A., Zingale, S., Tuttolomondo, T., Santonoceto, C., Pandino, G. and Guarnaccia, P. (2024). Agronomic strategies for sustainable cotton production: A systematic literature review. Agriculture. 14(9): 1597.

    16. Yu, M., He, H., Cheng, L., Li, S., Wan, T., Qin, J. and Li, J. (2025). Bio-organic fertilizers enhance yield in continuous cotton cropping systems through rhizosphere microbiota modulation and soil nutrient improvement. Agronomy.  15(9): 2238.
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