<div>Radiographic evaluation plays a crucial role in the prediction and diagnosis of cardiac disease. Vertebral heart score (VHS) and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) provide an objective measure to evaluate cardiac size. The aim of the present study was to establish the normal reference values of VHS and CTR in 25 clinically normal Zaraibi goats with homogenous age and body weight. Complete clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and radiographic examinations were included. The VHS and CTR were calculated from right lateral inspiratory radiographs. The VHS ranged from 7.3 to 8.8 (mean&plusmn;SD 8.0&plusmn;0.4) vertebrae and the CTR ranged from 17.1 to 24.6 (mean&plusmn;SD 20.1&plusmn;2.2)%. Significant weak correlation was recorded between VHS and CTR. Vertebral heart score and cardiothoracic ratio are clinically useful tool to evaluate cardiac size in Zaraibi goats.</div>


<div>Objective radiographic evaluation of cardiac size in clinically normal Zaraibi goats</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Radiography is widely used for diagnosis of congestive heart failure as it enables non-invasive assessment of cardiac size, shape and pulmonary vasculature. So, the present study was conducted to record the radiographic changes in dogs with congestive heart failure.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Fifty-one dogs with cardiac insufficiency brought to Teaching Veterinary Hospital of GADVASU, showing one of the clinical signs of chronic cough, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, abdominal distension, syncope and cyanosis were selected and were subjected to Lateral and Ventro-dorsal chest radiography.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Dilated cardiomyopathy was present in 24 dogs. Radiographically, pulmonary edema, cardiomegaly, vessel congestion were more common in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Valvular diseases were present in 16 dogs and radiographically left atrial (LA) dilatation was present in dogs with valvular diseases. Pericardial effusions were present in 11 dogs showing enlarged globoid heart radiographically.</div>


<div>Radiographic Assessment of Dogs with Congestive Heart Failure</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>This study was conducted to determine the effect of particles size of starter diet on growth performance of broiler chickens.</div>

<div><br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> A total of 384 Arbor Acres broiler chicks were usedin a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replicates of 32 birds each.Birds were fed diets with 3 particles sizes of starter diet (T1: 1.0 mm; T2: 0.8 mm; T3: 0.7 mm) during the first week of life. At 7 d, the same starter diet was offered in a crumbled form until 10 d of age. Then, common grower and finisher diets were provided in a pelleted form. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality rate were evaluated at 7, 14 and 42 days of age.</div>

<div><br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The results showed thatchicks receiving diet with intermediate particles size (0.8 mm) had the higher BW at 7 and 14 d. The FCR was also improved (-6.25%; P&lt;0.01) with the same diet at 7 days of age. No feed particle size effect for FIand mortality was observed throughout the 42 d trial. In conclusion, birds fed intermediate particles size (0.8 mm) diet showed better FCR and BW at starter phase. However, no significant effect was observed at slaughter age.</div>


<p>Effect of Particle Size of Starter Diet on Broiler Chicken Performance</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Heart is the principal organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Its development before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The detailed morphometry of different external parameters of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The foeti of sheep were divided into three age groups <em>viz</em>. early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) with fifteen animals in each age group. The various external parameters were recorded by using digital weighing machine, graduated measuring cylinder, digital Vernier&rsquo;s calliper, non-stretchable nylon thread and graduated scale. The data recorded was statistically analysed by one way ANOVA with IBM SPSS 25.0 version software.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>It was revealed that the average width of heart at its base was 4.82&plusmn;0.22mm, 10.52&plusmn;0.72mm and 21.57&plusmn;1.03mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. The average dorso-ventral length of left ventricle of heart was measured as 4.82&plusmn;0.14mm, 12.07&plusmn;1.16mm and 25.58&plusmn;0.88mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. The average distance between the left longitudinal groove and cranial border of heart at base was measured as 2.93&plusmn;0.11mm, 6.38&plusmn;0.39mm and 9.78&plusmn;0.41mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. Similarly, the average distance between the right longitudinal groove and cranial border of heart at middle was measured as 1.96&plusmn;0.09mm, 5.01&plusmn;0.34mm and 8.31&plusmn;0.50mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. All these parameters recorded showed significant (p &le; 0.01) differences among the ages.</div>


<div>Morphometrical Studies on the Exterior of the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Heart failure that is caused by various cardiac diseases like valvular disease, dilated cardiomyopathy and pericardial diseases are progressive and chronic in nature, but occur as acute form wherein the clinician has to respond quickly both in its diagnosis and treatment.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The present study that was carried out to assess the prevalence of heart failure has included 309 dogs of various breed, gender and age. Clinical evaluation was followed by electrocardiography using smart phone-based ECG, thoracic radiography and 2d-echocardiography to diagnose the various causes of heart failure.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>All of these cases were exhibiting similar manifestations like generalized weakness, poor physical activity, respiratory distress, dyspnoea at rest, cough and lack of sleep, that were suggestive of heart failure. ECG, thoracic radiography and echocardiographic evaluation revealed 146/309 cases as suffering with various cardiac diseases <em>viz.</em>, valvular diseases, dilated cardiomyopathy and pericardial diseases that resulted in heart failure. However, the remaining 163/309 dogs were diagnosed with respiratory disorders (69), renal insufficiency (57), hepatic insufficiency (26), pyometra (07) and anemia (04). The overall prevalence of heart failure was observed to be 1.55% (146) among the total dogs (9369) presented with systemic diseases, while it was 47.25% (146) among dogs (309) which were exhibiting clinical manifestations suggestive of heart failure. Similarly, the heart failure was recorded as highest prevalent among Labrador and lowest among Daschund. Dogs aged between 10-14 years are more vulnerable for these cardiac diseases when compared to various other age group individuals and males are more at risk.</div>


<p>Prevalence Study (2017-2020) of Heart Failure among Dogs of Hyderabad, Telangana State</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Heart is the central organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Its development before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The detailed morphometry of different internal parameters of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. &nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The foeti of sheep were divided into two age groups <em>viz</em>. mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) with fifteen animals in each age group. The various internal parameters were recorded by using digital weighing machine, graduated measuring cylinder, digital Vernier&rsquo;s calliper, non-stretchable nylon thread and graduated scale. The data recorded was statistically analysed by independent t test with IBM SPSS 25.0 version software.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The average thickness of left ventricular wall of heart was measured as 2.85&plusmn;0.15 mm and 4.28&plusmn;0.07 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average diameter of left atrio-ventricular opening of heart was measured as 2.06&plusmn;0.27 mm and 6.08&plusmn;0.36 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. The average length of septal papillary muscle in right ventricle was measured as 1.12&plusmn;0.10 mm and 3.29&plusmn;0.21 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. Further, the average length of moderator band in heart was measured as 1.45&plusmn;0.11 mm and 4.34&plusmn;0.23 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average length of chordae tendinae in right ventricle of heart was measured as 0.97&plusmn;0.09 mm and 3.50&plusmn;0.34 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Age Wise Internal Morphometrical Studies on the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Indian eagle owl known to rotate their necks up to 270 degrees in either direction without injuring their vessels running below the head thereby without cutting off blood supply to their brains. The vertebral column in birds carry peculiar features like higher number of cervical vertebrae due to long mobile neck, lumbar and sacral vertebrae fused together giving rigidity which aid in flight. The extensive fusion of vertebral column posterior to the neck provides the required rigidity in the trunk region, this inflexibility feature might reduce weight, as it avoids the need for extensive musculature to maintain a streamlined and rigid body posture during flight. The current study aimed to study the vertebral column of Indian eagle owl in order to understand the anatomical adaptations related to this species. &nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The specimens were procured from three Indian eagle owl brought for post mortem examination during the year 2019 to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry. After completion of the post-mortem examination the carcass was collected and macerated as per the standard technique and various measurements on vertebral column bones were measured using vernier calliper. &nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The study revealed that vertebral column of Indian eagle owl consisted of 14 cervical vertebrae, 7 thoracic vertebrae, 13 to 14 lumbar vertebrae fused with sacral vertebrae forming synsacrum and 7 coccygeal vertebrae. The hypapophyses of the 14<sup>th</sup> cervical vertebra and first two thoracic vertebrae were trifid in nature specific feature seen in Indian eagle owl. The vertebral column had characteristics features of hypapophyses, transverse process, pneumatic foramen and neural spine which enable the owl to adapt for head rotation and various task involving vertebrae.</div>


<div>Gross Morphological Studies on the Vertebral Column of Indian Eagle Owl (<em>Bubo bengalensis</em>)</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Quality seed is major input in increasing the productivity of agricultural crops. Seed after harvesting contains many undesirable materials and unfit for sowing. If the farmer is to be persuaded to pay for high quality seed, the seed he buys must be undeniably be pure and flow without difficulty through planter or drill. To separate different size seed material, many equipments have been developed which exploit the differences between the physical characteristics of seeds.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> An experiment was conducted to standardize the sieve size for seed grading in chickpea. The freshly harvested seeds of were graded using different sieve sizes. The screens used in this experiment were 7.0 mm R, 6.50 mm R, 6.0 mm R, 5.50 mm R, 4.75 mm R, 3.75 mm R and Bulk seeds (control). The seeds which retained over the screen were subjected to seed recovery and quality tests.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The results of the experiment indicated that the seed recovery ranged from 90.4 per cent to 97.82 per cent among the different size grades. As the screen size decreased from 7.0 to 4.75 mm, the per cent seed recovery was increased but seed quality parameters were decreased and well below the Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standard (IMSCS). The positive association of seed size and seed qualities were recorded. The 5.5 mm sieve recorded 96.4% seed recovery as compared to 6.0 mm sieve (94.4%) and found to be better by considering two per cent higher seed recovery and other higher germination, vigour index although there is recommendation is 4.75 to 6.0 mm range. Hence, the seed producer is benefitted by higher seed recovery and profit and without compromising minimum seed certification standards.</div>


<p>The Effect of Seed Size on Seed Recovery and Quality in Chickpea (<em>Cicer arietinum</em> L.)</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Myxomatous mitral valve degeneration is the most acquired heart disease in dogs. To reduce the clinical progression of mitral valve degeneration and achieve the hemodynamic outcomes, many medical or surgical treatments have been motivated. The objectives of this study is to investigate the suitability of puppy deciduous teeth stem cells as a cell source for tissue engineered heart valves in dog with degenerative valve disease. Puppy deciduous teeth stem cells (pDSCs) were seeded on the scaffolds which made from polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PLC) and silicone. The mechanical properties of the tissue engineered heart valves leaflets were characterized by biaxial tensile tests. Results showed that, deciduous teeth stem cells capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types. However, the ability of puppy deciduous teeth stem cells to differentiate declined with increasing passage number which correspond to the number of protein surface marker detection have been shown to decrease substantially by the fifth passage. PLA scaffold is significantly higher tensile strength than other materials. However, silicone showed the highest flaccidity. The results from this study may provide high regenerative capability and the essential information for future directions of heart valve tissue engineering.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Tissue Engineered Heart Valve</div>

<p><strong>Background:</strong> In recent years, relevant studies had shown that a large number of adipokines were involved in energy homeostasis in the body, regulating the balance of glucose and lipid metabolism. Resistin was a special type of adipose factor and its discovery and related studies had shown a close relationship between resistin and heart disease. However, there was relatively little research on the structure of heart tissue, so we conducted this present study.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> In order to study the effect of resistin on the heart structure of mice, 20 healthy C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into experimental and control groups(n=10). The mice of the experimental group were injected with 20 &igrave;l/d of resistin solution through the tail vein. The mice of the control group were injected with the same volume of double distilled water. HandE staining, Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) staining, Masson&rsquo;s trichrome staining and electron microscopy were used to observe the changes of microscopic structure and ultrastructure of mouse cardiomyocytes.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The results of HandE staining showed that the myocardial cells in the experimental group were disordered, the cytoplasm was loosely distributed and the gap between adjacent cells increased. WGA staining showed that the fluorescence green intensity of the mice in the experimental group was higherthan that of the control group. The myocardial cell membrane thickened, the average cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes was larger than that of the control group. The results of the Masson staining showed that the staining of the cytoplasm of myocardial cells in the experimental group was significantly shallow and the blue structure was significantly increased. The electron microscopy showed that the number of mitochondria decreased and the mitochondria lightly dissolved or disappear. This study confirmed that resistin could change the content of collagen fibers and myofibrils in myocardial cells, induce cardiac hypertrophy and cause certain damage to mitochondria of cardiomyocytes. It was speculated that it could affect the physiological function of cardiomyocytes to some extent.</p>


Objective radiographic evaluation of cardiac size in clinically normal Zaraibi goats

Radiographic Assessment of Dogs with Congestive Heart Failure

Effect of Particle Size of Starter Diet on Broiler Chicken Performance

Morphometrical Studies on the Exterior of the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep

Prevalence Study (2017-2020) of Heart Failure among Dogs of Hyderabad, Telangana State

Age Wise Internal Morphometrical Studies on the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep

Gross Morphological Studies on the Vertebral Column of Indian Eagle Owl (Bubo bengalensis)

The Effect of Seed Size on Seed Recovery and Quality in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Tissue Engineered Heart Valve

Effect of Resistin on the Heart Structure of Mouse