Background: Phek district, with its varied topography and climate, serves as a significant area for the study of animal diseases that may be influenced by environmental factors. The district shares international borders with Myanmar, which makes it a key area for monitoring and controlling animal diseases. 
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Methods: Morphological identification of the parasites was conducted, followed by PCR amplification of 18S rDNA to confirm the identity of the parasite. Gross and histopathological studies were performed to observe the effects of the infection on the chickens. 
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Result: Mature female Tetrameres are spherical, dark blood-red in colour and have four longitudinal furrows. The males are small, white and filiform, without spines on the cuticle and tail. Based on the morphological characteristics vis-a-vis PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing, the species was identified as Tetrameres fissipina. The gland of the proventriculus exhibited dilation, with degeneration and desquamation of the glandular cells with numerous nematode parasites, parasite eggs, bacterial colonies and mixed inflammatory cells (heterophils and lymphocytes). In the ventriculus (gizzard), there was mild lymphoplasmacytic and heterophilic inflammation that expanded the lamina propria (connective tissue layer). Liver and kidney showed significant inflammatory changes. There were lesions in the small intestine, including catarrhal inflammation, edema and localized necrosis. Mild histopathological changes in lungs was noted. This report signifies the first occurrence of Tetrameres fissipina in Nagaland. 
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Reports on Tetrameres fissipina from the Naturally Infested Indigenous Chicken in Phek District of Nagaland

<div>Background: Infections with gastrointestinal parasites are widespread and a major health issue for captive birds. Despite the significance being well known, not much studies have been conducted on its prevalence especially in captive avians in a zoo setup. The present study aims at determining the prevalence of parasites in captive birds of different orders maintained at Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bengaluru, Karnataka. 
 
Methods: In this investigation, a survey through fecal sample examination was conducted to assess the parasitic infection in captive birds belonging to 6 different biological orders e.g. Casuariiformes, Anseriformes, Galliformes, Pelecaniformes, Psittaciformes {Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), Duck (Anas platyrhynchos), Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), grey pelican, (Pelecanus philippensis), purple heron (Ardea purpurea), silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), macaw (Ara ararauna), parakeet (Psittacula eupatsia)} and Ciconiiformes maintained at Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bengaluru, Karnataka. A total of 106 fecal samples from apparently healthy birds including 7 samples from emu, 3 ducks, 12 peafowls, 8 red jungle fowls, 24 grey pelicans, 1 purple heron, 13 silver pheasants, 8 macaws, 26 parakeets and 4 Indian open-billed storks were collected during 2015-2016 and were screened for parasitic eggs/oocysts.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The screening result could detect ova of 2 (28.57%) Eimeria oocyst in emu, 3 (100%) Eimeria oocyst in duck, 7 (58.33%) Capillaria sp., 3 (25%) Eimeria oocyst, 2 (16.66%) Ascardia galli, 2 (16.66%) Raillietina echinobothrida, 1 (8.33%) Tetrameres sp. in peafowls, 3 (37.5%) Ascardia galli, 1 (12.5%) Eimeria oocyst in red jungle fowls, 5 (20.83%) Ascardia galli in grey pelican, 1 (100%) trematode ova in purple heron, 3 (23.07%) Raillietina sp., 2 (15.38%) Eimeria ocyst in silver pheasant, 2 (25%) Ascaris sp. in macaw, 12 (46.15%) Ascaris sp., 3 (11.53%) Eimeria oocyst in parakeet and 4 (100%) Tetrameres sp. in Indian open-billed storks.</div>

Reports on Tetrameres fissipina from the Naturally Infested Indigenous Chicken in Phek District of Nagaland

​A Copro-parasitological Surveillance on Diverse Captive Wild Avian Species

A Copro-parasitological Surveillance on Diverse Captive Wild Avian Species