Background: The problem of salinity is increasing day by day and requires innovative solutions. Therefore, this study attempts to find an alternative to industrially manufactured fertilizers used for stimulating plant growth and productivity under salt-stress environments, using nano-formulations from plant sources (phytotechnology). 
 
Methods: The study was performed in the Department of Ecology laboratories at the University of Kufa, also in the Harmoush farms located along the Najaf-Karbala road, during the 2023-2024 growing season. The crude aqueous extract of Schanginia aegyptiaca was used for the green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles (S-AgONPs). A factorial field trial was adopted in a completely randomized block design, the first factor, with three concentrations of foliar fertilizer containing S-AgONPs (0, 3, 6) ml/L and the second factor with three concentrations of salt water: 0 (tap water), 50 and 100 mM NaCl. 
 
Result: The results presented that foliar application with S-AgONPs at a concentration of 6 ml/L improved vegetative growth, including plant height, number of leaves, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and total chlorophyll in leaves. The use of saline water at a concentration of 50 mM NaCl had a significant impact on the plant growth parameters against the unsprayed plants. Interaction between both factors revealed significant impacts on the vegetative growth characteristics. S-AgONPs from the aqueous extract of S. aegyptiaca, at very low concentrations, have proven effective in stimulating the studied parameters under salt stress conditions, opening the horizon to their potential use in agriculture and fertilizer production.

Effect of Nano-silver Fertilization on the Tolerance of Salt Stress by Irrigation with Saline Water in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Viticulture occupies an important place in agricultural production of Diyarbakır province, Turkey. However, weeds significantly impair the productivity of vineyards in the province. The knowledge of weed flora of a particular region is crucial to develop region-specific weed management strategies.&nbsp; Methods: This study was carried out to determine the weed species, their densities and frequency of occurrence in 78 vineyards of 13 districts in Diyarbakır province. Exploratory surveys were conducted to record the occurrence, density and coverage area of weed species. A 1&times;1 m quadrate was used, which was randomly placed in vineyards and weed species falling within the quadrate were noted. Result: A total 165 weed species and 128 taxa belonging to 35 botanical families (1 parasitic, 16 monocotyledons and 18 dicotyledons) were identified from the surveyed area. The weed species&rsquo; density over the whole province was 91 weeds m-2. Avena sterilis L. was the most widespread weed with the highest density (9.93 plants m-2) in the surveyed area followed by Fumaria asepale Boiss. (7.18), Galium tricornutum (4.85), Ranunculus arvensis (3.82), Silene aegyptiaca (3.70), Bromus sterilis (3.64) Lamium purpureum (3.58), Hordeum spontaneum (3.35), Anthemis sp. (3.07), Crepis alpina (2.94), Thlaspi perfoliatum (2.91), Alopecurus myosuroides (2.81), Bongardia chrysogonum (2.80), Scandix pecten-veneris (2.24), Cynodon dactylon (1.71), Hypecoum procumbens (1.69), Lolium perenne (1.41), Sorghum halepense (1.33), Sinapis arvensis (1.24), Buglossoides arvense (1.22), Daucus carota (1.21), Trifolium nigrescens (1.21), Vicia hybrida (1.05), Senecio vernalis (1.04) and Ornithogalum narbonense (1.02). The most prevalent weed were L. purpureum (66.68%), Papaver sp. (66.49%), S. vernalis (65.82%), Anthemis sp. (65.10%), A. sterilis (63.07%), R. arvensis (60.44%), Convolvulus arvensis (56.76%), Carduus pycnocephalus (55.79%), G. tricornutum (55.43%), Fumaria asepale (55.05%), Crepis alpina (54.08%), Thlaspi perfoliatum (51.95%) and S. arvensis (51.04%).&nbsp;</div>

Effect of Nano-silver Fertilization on the Tolerance of Salt Stress by Irrigation with Saline Water in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)

Weed Flora of Vineyards in Diyarbakır Province, Turkey