<div>Background: Colchicine acts as a polyploidy inducer but at high concentrations, it causes high cell mortality. To improve the efficiency of colchicine polyploidization in cassava, leaf lobes colchicine-sensitivity tests were carried out and LD50 determined at 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.25g/l colchicine concentrations in the varieties Ankrah, Dagati, Tomfa and Tuaka.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Colchicine treated leaf lobes were regenerated into callus on either 8 mg/l 2, 4-D or Picloram. The calli were subsequently regenerated into somatic embryos by NAA. LD50 of 0.09, 0.11, 0.13 and 0.09 mg/L colchicine concentration were determined for Ankrah, Dagati, Tomfa and Tuaka respectively in 2, 4-D.&nbsp; Similarly, LD50 of 0.12, 0.10, 0.14 and 0.10 mg/L were respectively obtained in Picloram.&nbsp; 
 
Result: In 2, 4-D, Ankrah and Tuaka were more sensitive to colchicine than Dagati and Tomfa whereas in picloram, Dagati and Tuaka showed more sensitivity. Callus proliferation differed significantly among varieties and influenced by the concentration of colchicine.&nbsp;</div>

Colchicine-sensitivity Test in Cassava Leaf Lobes and its Effect on Callus and Somatic Embryo Formation

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was conducted on hippocampus of six adult Surti buffalo. Hippocampus was a &nbsp;small organ located within the medial temporal lobe of the brain. The hippocampus made a curve from the deep face of the piriform lobe around the thalamus and formed the caudal part of the floor of the lateral ventricle. It was separated deeply by the hippocampal fissure from the dentate gyrus. The two hippocampi were connected at their highest parts by transvers fibers which constituted the hippocampal commissure. The hippocampus was as long &ldquo;C&rdquo; or small &ldquo;Y&rdquo;shaped structure. The ventro-medial hippocampal surface had a deep groove, the hippocampal sulcus, which divided this surface into a lateral and medial surfaces. The ventricular surface of the hippocampus was covered with a thin layer of white matter, the alveus, which arises from the crus of the fornix, and was therefore continuous with the fimbria. Moreover, the uncus was not observed. Several equations showed significant (P&lt; 0.5) and positive co-relationship between the weight of hippocampus and the weight of brain. The ratio of weight of the hippocampus and weight of the brain was about 1: 37.&nbsp;</div>

Gross anatomical and biometrical parameters of hippocampus in Surti buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

<div>Background: The thyroid gland is vital endocrine gland which secretes three hormones i.e. thyroxin (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and Calcitonin hormones. The thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones are biologically active and are required for maintenance of normal levels of metabolic activity. The thyroid also produces calcitonin from the parafollicular cells which act directly on osteoclast to decrease the bone resorption which lower the blood calcium level. Deficient or excessive production of thyroid hormones may lead to serious pathological states with outward symptoms.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The gross anatomical and biometrical studies were conducted on thyroid gland of buffalo, sheep and goat (n=12) collected immediately after slaughtering from slaughter house and local meat shop. The weight of thyroid gland was measured by weighing balance, volume by water displacement method, length and width of lateral lobes and isthmus by calibrated scale and inelastic thread and thickness of lateral lobes and isthmus was measured by digital vernier calliper. The data was analysed statistically. 
 
Result: The lateral lobes were roughly triangular in buffalo and elongated in sheep and oval in goat. The surfaces were granular and rough in buffalo but smooth in sheep and goat. It extended from thyroid cartilage to 2nd tracheal ring in buffalo, 1st to 6th tracheal ring in sheep and 1st to 7th tracheal ring in goat. The left lobe was larger than the right lobe in all the three species studied. The thyroid gland was biggest in buffalo followed by goat and smallest in sheep. The density of isthmus was more than the lobes in sheep and goat but not in buffalo.</div>

​Comparative Gross Anatomical and Biometrical Studies on Thyroid Gland of Buffalo, Sheep and Goat

<div style="text-align: justify;">The main objective of this study was to develop baseline topographical data of landmarks for locating liver and spleen and to generate sonographic calliper measurements along with dynamic parameters of these organs. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on 50 native adult (Spiti horses and Himalayan hill mules) healthy unsedated equines of either sex. The thickness, character and echo-architecture of liver and spleen were recorded. In horses, the right lobe of liver was found from 8th to 15th intercostal space (ICS) and left lobe from 6th to 11th (&plusmn;1) ICS, while in mules the right liver lobe was found between 6th to 15th (&plusmn;1) ICS and left lobe between 6th to 9th (&plusmn;1) ICS. The liver was recognized by its branching vasculature and architecture was found relatively homogenous. In addition ventral edges were distinctly sharp. Spleen was found from 8th to 17th ICS both in horses as well as in mules. The splenic parenchyma was homogenously granular in appearance with few blood vessels and most echogenic organ in the abdominal cavity of equines. The only measurement that was reliably obtained was the central thickness or depth of the spleen, which varied from 41.4 to 68.4 mm (Mean&plusmn; SE= 50.84&plusmn;4.61 mm) in horses and 37.9 to 51.6 mm (Mean&plusmn; SE = 42.76&plusmn;2.34 mm) in mules. Therefore detailed ultrasonographic examination of liver and spleen helped us to compile baseline data, which will be helpful in management of the affections of liver and spleen in future.</div>

Ultrasonographic examination of liver and spleen of normal adult spiti horses and Himalayan Hill mules of India &nbsp;

Background: The pancreas is a vital gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions and its structural organization varies among avian species and during postnatal development. Understanding the age-related histological organization of the pancreatic endocrine tissue in ducks is essential for establishing baseline morphological data and for comparative anatomical studies. 
 
Methods: A total of forty ducks were procured from a certified duck farm and divided into four age-based groups, with ten birds in each group: post-hatched (Group I), one month old (Group II), three months old (Group III) and six months old (Group IV). Pancreatic samples, including the dorsal, ventral and splenic lobes, were processed for routine histological examination. Gomori&rsquo;s staining technique was employed for the identification and differentiation of endocrine cell types within the pancreas. 
 
Result: Histological examination revealed that the dorsal, ventral and splenic lobes of the pancreas exhibited a similar structural organization across all age groups. In all groups, the pancreatic parenchyma consisted predominantly of exocrine tissue, with a relatively small proportion of endocrine tissue. The endocrine component was embedded within the exocrine tissue and appeared as the islets of langerhans, which were irregularly distributed throughout the exocrine portion of each pancreatic lobe. Using Gomori&rsquo;s staining technique, three distinct types of pancreatic islets were identified: alpha islets, beta islets and mixed islets. 
&nbsp;

Age-wise Cellular Identification and Morphometry of the Endocrine Pancreas in Post-hatched Ducks

<div>Background: A gender-based histomorphochemical study of the goat liver is important because male and female animals exhibit differences in metabolic activity influenced by hormones. Understanding these variations helps in accurate diagnosis, treatment and nutritional management of these animals. It will also provide baseline data to understand different physiological processes and disease susceptibility. Some Gender-based differences in enzyme localization in male and female livers of human have been reported but data on gender based morphological differences in liver and hepatic heterogeneity in domestic animals is scarce, which prompted this present study. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on livers of 6 male and 6 female goats of Beetal breed, collected from slaughter house. The animals were in age range of 20 to 24 months, with body weights ranging between 35-40 kg and liver weighing between 300-325 g. The tissues from each lobe were collected and processed for paraffin sectioning. The sections were stained with different histomorphological stains. The paraffin sections were also incubated for immuno expression of Vimentin, PCNA and CD 68. 
 
Result: It was concluded from study that the size and number of hepatocytes did not vary significantly (p&gt;0.05) among different lobes and between male and female. The number of binucleated hepatocytes was significantly (p&lt;0.05) more in periportal area than perivenous region in all the lobes and also the number of binucleated cells was significantly (p&lt;0.05) more in females as compared to males which might be suggestive of more regenerative power in females. The number of Kupffer cells was significantly (p&lt;0.05) more in females as compared to males which might be due to better immune response in females. Also the number of Ito cells was significantly (p&lt;0.05) more in females as compared to males which might be suggestive ofmore accumulation of fat in the liver of female goats. 
&nbsp;</div>

A Comparative Histomorphochemical Study on the Liver of Male and Female Beetal Goats

<div>Background: Goat husbandry has been playing an important role in the economy of our country with special reference to milk, meat, manure and hide production. Bakerwali goat constitutes about 50% of the total goat population of J&amp;K. The liver is an extremely important organ in the body of mammals performing numerous functions. The liver is much heavier in young animals than older animals as it atrophies with age. The present study has been planned to record the micrometrical data about the liver of Bakerwali goat during different age groups. 
 
Methods: Liver samples were collected from slaughter houses of Nagrota in and around Jammu city of UT of J&amp;K during 2019-20.&nbsp;The samples were divided into young (below 1 year), adult (2-3 years) and senile (4 years and above) as per the dentition of the goats.&nbsp; Six samples from each age group were collected. The micrometrical observations were recorded on H and E stained sections with the help of an ocular micrometer duly calibrated with stage micrometer. 
 
Result: The capsule showed maximum thickness in adults followed by the young and senile age group. The maximum thickness of the capsule was seen at upper part of main lobe (UPOML) in the liver of young and adult whereas, in the senile group, the maximum thickness was seen at middle part of main lobe (MPOML). The diameter of the central vein showed the highest values in adults, followed by young and senile probably due to increased liver functions in adult. The mean values of length of hepatocytes ranged between 13.50 to 22.50 &micro;m in all regions of the liver of irrespective of age groups. The mean values showed higher values in adult and senile age groups. The nuclear diameter of the hepatocytes ranged between 9.00 to 13.50 &micro;m with mean values varying between 9.72&plusmn;0.58 to 10.05&plusmn;0.50 &micro;m in all the three age groups. The maximum number of portal triads per field was seen at ventral part of main lobe (VPOML) in the senile group whereas the minimum number was observed at MPOML in the young group. In general, several portal triads per field were highest in the senile group followed by adult and young.</div>

Gerontological Studies on the Micrometry of Liver of Bakerwali Goat

<div>Background: Respiratory diseases are very common in goats and cause severe economic loss to the rural poor farmers. Proper identification of the actual pathogen(s) responsible for the respiratory infections is critical for timely and proper management of those diseases. The present communication describes the spontaneous occurrence of concurrent Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia (CCPP) in a goat flock. 
 
Methods: An outbreak of respiratory disease in a goat flock consisting of 45 Tellicherry cross bred animals in varying age groups was investigated during the month of February 2019 in Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu. Information of disease outbreak and flock details were collected. Samples from live (nasal, ocular and rectal swabs) and dead (lung, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes) were collected for detection of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp.capripneumoniae (MCCP) antigen by polymerase chain reaction. Tissues from heart, lung, liver, kidney, intestine, spleen and lymph node were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathological examination. 
 
Result: Out of 45 goats at risk, 23 showed clinical signs and 17 died of disease conditions with morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate of 51.11%, 37.77% and 73.91% respectively. PPR was confirmed by RT-PCR with M gene specific primers (191bp) and CCPP was confirmed by PCR with 16S rRNA gene fragment (316 bp). Affected animals showed clinical signs of pyrexia, anorexia, marked depression, mild erosions in the oral mucosa, nasal and ocular discharge, coughing and diarrhoea. Necropsy examination revealed congested oral mucosa, extensive pleuritis with large fibrin clots on lung surface and greyish pink consolidation of cranial lobes and anterior parts of diaphragmatic lobes. On section, consolidated areas were granular in appearance. Histopathology of lung revealed thickening of pleura, interlobular septa and alveolar wall by fibrin deposition and infiltration of inflammatory cells. &nbsp;Pulmonary congestion, infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells, syncytial cell formation with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions were also noticed. Visceral organs showed degenerative and necrotic changes.</div>

<div>Pathomorphology of Concurrent Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in a Cross Breed Goat Flock</div>

<div>Background: The agro-climatic condition of Assam is suitable for duck rearing. Duck rearing contributes a major part to uplift the socio-economic condition of the rural poor people of Assam as well as others states located in the coastal regions of India. The Pati duck (Anasplatyrhynchos domesticus) population constitutes a major indigenous non-descript economically important duck variety in the state of Assam. The Harderian gland acts as a part of the Head Associated Lymphoid Tissue (HALT) <a href="#olah_1992">Olah et al. (1992)</a> and provides local innate immunity to the upper respiratory system, to the eye and oral cavity. Since literature on the postnatal development of Harderian gland of Pati duck is scant, hence the present study was designed to establish the basic anatomical details on Harderian gland at different stages of postnatal development of Pati duck of Assam.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on total forty five (45) numbers Pati duck of Assam at different stages of postnatal development. The experimental birds were brought to the Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22 and was sacrificed according to the method of <a href="#gracy_1986">Gracy (1986)</a>. After slaughter, the birds were placed on a clean dissecting table and skin and fascia were reflected carefully without disturbing the other organs of the head region. The Harderian gland was collected by opening the orbital cavity. Thereafter, length, breadth and thickness of the Harderian gland of all age group were recorded with the help of the Vernier Callipers <a href="#mcCance_1974">(McCance, 1974)</a> and topographical location of the gland was observed. The weight of the Harderian gland of all age group was also recorded with the help of electronic balance.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The Harderian gland of Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) was located &nbsp;within the orbit. The gland was flat, oval and coma shaped with irregular border. The gland had two surfaces i.e. the parietal and visceral surfaces, two borders and two blunt poles. The parietal surface was found convex and attached to fascia covered by the nasal bones and interorbital septa. The visceral surface was concave and it was attached loosely to the eye ball with fascia. The lobes of the Harderian gland became more prominent with the advancement of the age. The gland was light pink in colour. The arterial blood and the venus drainage was by provided by the ophthalmic artery and vein, respectively. The slender branch of oculomotor nerve innervated the Harderian gland. The result reflected an ascending trend from 0 week age group to 42 week age group in regard to all the gross parameters. There were slight difference between left and right glands for all the gross parameters but such variations were not statistically significant (P&gt;0.05). Each lobe of the Harderian Gland of Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) had a single short duct which opened into the conjunctival sac at the base of the 3rd eyelid.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Post Natal Gross Anatomical Studies on the Harderian Gland of Pati Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Assam</div>

Transmission electron microscopic studies of eosinophil of horse, dog, pig and rabbit were carried out on six apparently healthy animals of each species. Ultrastructurally the eosinophils &nbsp; &nbsp;appeared round to oval in shape with few, short and narrow cytoplasmic processes in horse, oval with numerous long and wide cytoplasmic processes in dog and round with thin and broad small cytoplasmic processes in pig. While in rabbit it was round to oval in shape with long cytoplasmic processes. The nucleus had two to three lobes in all the animals. In all the four species it was observed that the heterochromatin was concentrated towards the periphery. &nbsp;Granules were mostly oval in outline and more or less similar in shape and size in horse while in dog the granules were rounded in shape and &nbsp;medium sized. In pig the double membrane bound cytoplasmic granules were roughly rounded to oval in shape and distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The granules in rabbit were mostly oval in outline and more or less similar in dimension. &nbsp;Cell organelles were clearly visible in the cytoplasm of horse while poorly visible in dog, pig and rabbit.