<div>Background: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Beta (ACACB) plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and was known to be involved in production of very-long-chain fatty acid and other compounds needed for proper development. This gene is mainly expressed in the tissues of heart, muscle, liver and colon. It chiefly involved in the production of malonyl-coA, a potent inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-I) enzyme needed in transport of long-chain fatty acyl-coAs to the mitochondria for &beta;-oxidation. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted to explore the expression pattern of the ACACB gene in breast muscle tissue during pre-hatch embryonic day (ED) 5th to 18th and post-hatch (18th, 22nd and 40th week of age) periods of White leghorn (IWI line) by using Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Then, fold change of ACACB gene expression was calculated. 
 
Result: Our study showed that the ACACB gene expression was down-regulated during embryonic stages from ED6 to ED18. The gene expression was also down-regulated during adult stages i.e. on 22nd and 40th week of age. This result indicated that the initial expression of the ACACB gene is required for embryo development and during adult periods, low gene expression leads to the less fat deposition in muscle of layer chicken. Finally, it can be concluded that there was a differential expression pattern of the ACACB gene during the pre-hatch embryonic and post-hatch adult periods to mitigate varied requirements of lipids during different physiological stages in layer chicken.</div>

<div>Expression Profile of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Beta (ACACB) Gene during the Pre and Post-hatch Period in Chicken</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">At present, broilers reach slaughter weight at a physiologically younger age and the embryonic developmental period as well as the first week after hatching represents a larger proportion (45%) of the whole life span. Thus, pre-hatch as well as the transitional post-hatch period must be achieved efficiently. It is known that body weight is increased three to four fold during the first week and considerable changes in gut, and muscle weight and morphology are observed. The post-hatch period is critical for the digestive tract because the system is switching itself from off to on. The first day after hatch is critical for the development of body systems in the chicken and certain types of manipulation must occur during the first days after hatch in order to achieve long-term effects. Meat-type broilers are capable of achieving 70 g/day until 40 days. This achievement requires emphasis on early phase nutrition (i.e. pre-starter diets). The use of pre-starter diets assumes that starter diets are somewhat inefficient in providing balanced nutrients. Early nutritional strategies offer the promise of sustaining progress in production efficiency and welfare of commercial poultry. In order to achieve broiler potential several unconventional changes must be made: supplying nutrients to the developing embryo before hatch, supplying feed within hatchery, developing highly digestible pre-starter diets. Integrate all of the above to create a continuous feeding process from several days prior to hatch, during hatch and till farm placement where first feed is provided.</div>

Early post hatch feeding in chicks and practical constrains-A review

A study was conducted to determine the effects of pre-incubation egg parameters on post-incubation parameters in Uttara breeder hens. A total of 2,890 hatching eggs were &nbsp; classified according to three egg weight groups viz. small (44-52 g); medium (53-57 g) and large (58-68 g). Results indicated that large-sized eggs produced chicks with higher hatch-weight than medium and small-sized eggs. However, no differences were observed for fertility and hatchability rates but significant differences were found for chick quality and chick weight. It was therefore concluded from the results of the present study that sorting of eggs by weight prior to incubation might be advantageous in producing uniform size hatchlings to meet specific market demands with focus on breeding for obtaining maximum number of saleable chicks.&nbsp;

Assessment of pre and post-incubation parameters in Uttara breeder hens 
&nbsp;

The study was conducted to access the effect of early post-hatch nutrition regimens on the productive performance of 384 number of commercial broiler chicken (Cobb 400). Different nutrient regimens include glucose and probiotic alone in hatcher tray and first day in pen and a high and very high density diet of 25 and 27 per cent dietary crude protein respectively and 3100 kcal ME/kg diet in hatcher tray and subsequent three days in pen along with glucose and probiotic alone in hatcher tray and first day in pen was provided. Later, all broiler chicks were switched over to the recommended commercial Cobb broiler diet up to 42 days. Body weight, feed efficiency and breast muscle fibre diameter were significantly higher in treatment groups. No significant difference existed between different treatment groups for hatchability, livability percent, carcass characteristics and cut up parts. Trimmable fat per cent was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.01) in control birds. It may be concluded that early post hatch nutrition with high nutrient dense diet resulted in better production performance in commercial broiler chicken.

Effect of early post-hatch nutrition on production&nbsp;performance of commercial broiler chicken

A field investigation was carried out during winter season of 2011-12 and 2012-13 at IARI Regional Station, Karnal (Haryana) to evaluate the effect of pre and post emergence herbicides on weeds, seed yield and seed quality of garden pea cv. Pusa Pragati. The twelve treatments viz. imazethapyr 50, 75 and 100g ha-1 (20DAS), pendimethalin 0.75 and 1.50kg ha-1  (pre-emergence), trifluralin 1.00 and 1.50kg ha-1  (PPI), ready mixture of imazethapyr and imazamox 50, 70 and 90g ha-1  (20DAS), hand weeding twice (20 and 45 DAS) and unweeded check were tested in randomized block design with three replications. The treatments hand weeding twice and imazethapyr @ 75g and 100g ha-1 recorded significantly higher pods per plant, seeds per pod, pod filling, 100 seed weight and seed yield than other herbicidal treatments and unweedy check. These treatments also recorded lower weed dry weight and higher weed control efficiency than other treatments. It may be inferred from the present investigation that in addition to hand weeding twice, post emergence herbicide imazethapyr @ 75g ha-1 (20DAS) can be used effectively as an alternative for controlling weeds and in obtaining optimum seed yield and quality in garden pea under Karnal (Haryana) conditions.


Effect of pre and post emergence herbicides on weeds and  seed yield of garden pea

<div>Background: Herbicides are used in agriculture to reduce the density of weeds and improve the crop yield. Pendimethalin 30% EC is widely used pre-emergent herbicide to control annual grasses and certain broad leaf weeds; is no longer effective against established weeds like Cyperus and Commelina benghalensis, Acalypha indica and Phyllanthus spp. that are dominant in groundnut crop. Combination of Pendimethalin 30% and Imazethapyr 2% EC is a broad-spectrum herbicide that controls most broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses. The current study aimed to improve the profitability of farmers by effectively and economically by controlling the targeted weeds. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station (ZAHRS), Babbur Farm, Hiriyur, Karnataka during Kharif 2018, 2019 and 2020, to study the efficacy of pre and post-emergence herbicides for weed management in groundnut. The trial comprised of nine treatments involving two pre-emergence herbicides (Pendimethalin 38.7 CS 1.0 kg/ha PE and Pendimethalin 30 EC+Imazethapyr 2 EC 1.0 kg/ha PE (ready mix)) alone and in combinations with post-emergence herbicides (quizalofop-p-ethyl 50 g/ha at 15-20 DAS (PoE)), along with pre-emergence herbicides super imposed with hand weeding at 30 DAS and compared with two inter cultural operation at 15 and 30 DAS followed by manual weeding for intra rows and weedy check. 
 
Result: The experimental results revealed that, among the different herbicides treatments, the higher net return (Rs. 92,835/ha) and B:C ratio (2.70) were noticed in Pendimethalin 30 EC+Imazethapyr 2 EC 1.0 kg/ha PE (ready mix)+manual weeding at 30 DAS as compared to control plot (Rs. 2620/ha and 0.96, respectively) this has effectively controlled most of the weed flora present in the experimental field.</div>

​Efficacy of Pre and Post-emergence Herbicides for Weed Management in Groundnut

<div>Background: Greengram crop is grown round the year as a catch crop in different cropping systems of the uplands of the Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh. The practice of application of pre emergence herbicide like pendimethalin is very popular with the farmers for the control of weeds in the uplands, both in kharif and rabi seasons. Further spraying of a selective post emergence herbicide is also practiced by farmers. However, some of the weeds of kharif viz., Phyllanthus maderaspatensis and rabi viz., Chrozophora rottleri could not be controlled with these herbicides due to their late emergence or due to development of partial resistance to these herbicides. Certain new pre (PE) and post emergence (PoE) herbicides viz., pendimethalin 30% + imazethapyr 2%, acifluorfen sodium 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8%, fomesafen 11.1% + fluazifop -p-butyl 11.1%, are recommended in crops like soybean and groundnut.&nbsp; However, there is need to test these herbicides available in market for their suitability to control the weeds in greengram.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, with an objective to evaluate selected PE and PoE herbicide mixtures in greengram managing the major weeds of greengram grown in vertisols of Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh during Kharif and rabi seasons of 2018 under upland conditions. 
 
Result: Among the two PE herbicides tested on greengram, pendimethalin 30% + imazethapyr 2% @ 0.75 + 0.05 kg/ha was found to be more effective in reducing the weed density and dry matter compared with pendimethalin 30% @ 0.75 kg/ha. The PoE herbicide mixtures tested viz., fomesafen 11.1% + fluazifop -p-butyl 11.1% @111g/ha, propaquizafop 2.5% + imazethapyr 3.75% @ 50+75 g/ha&nbsp; &nbsp;were on par with imazethapyr 10% @ 50g/ha in controlling the weed population without having any adverse affect on the growth and yield of greengram during kharif and rabi.</div>

Evaluation of Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides in Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) during Kharif and Rabi Seasons in the Uplands of Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh

Background: The asymmetry in the development of the left and right gonads after E8 (stage 34) causes the right ovary to fully retract in chickens by the adult stage. From embryonic days 6&ndash;6.5 (E6&ndash;6.5/stage 29&ndash;30), sex-specific differentiation of the gonads is evident in chickens. 
 
Methods: To understand why the right ovary recedes over the embryonic and post-hatch periods, the current study compared the differentially expressed genes on the sixth day (E6) with the twelfth day (E12) and on the first day after hatching (D1). This was accomplished using the NCBI datasets (SRR4029458, SRR4029457, SRR4029464, SRR4029463, SRR4029460, SRR4029459). The functional enrichment and differential gene expression analyses were carried out using Galaxy server, ShinyGO 0.76 and g: Profiler over the duration of the experiment. 
 
Result: From E6 to E12, it was found that 373 and 520 were the significantly up- and down-regulated genes that were heterogeneously expressed. Genes such as FGG, APOH, AHSG, HSD17B1, NME7, PROCA1, MLKL and others that were discovered to be highly up-regulated were associated with pathways related to fibrinolysis, endopeptidase inhibitory action, peptidase inhibitory activity, etc. when comparing E12 to E6. Likewise, it has been discovered that the genes differentially expressed from E12 to D1 were 708 and 1136, respectively, significantly up- and down-regulated. Comparing D1 to E12 revealed that the genes (TRAF5, CALML3, FGG, APOH, etc.) that were markedly down-regulated were involved in the pathway that governed programmed cell death. This implied that the right ovary had total degeneration during the post-hatch phase and that there was increased programmed cell death during E12. The genes HSD17B1, STEAP3, NME7, CALML3, PROCA1 and MLKL were involved in many pathways that resulted in the regression of the right ovary, as per the KEGG pathway analysis.

Deciphering the Putative Genes for the Regression of Chicken Right Ovary during Embryonic and Post Hatch Period

<div>Background: Pig rearing is the main income source for many unemployed people in India, particularly for the people in the north-east part of the country. It was found that the morbidity as well as mortality of young pigs immediately after weaning is high due to weaning stresses, mainly due to diet changes causing them to suffer from severe diarrhoea. For these reasons, providing creep feed along with dairy products during the period of pre-weaning and post-weaning is recommended. The majority of the farmers used skimmed milk powder which is commonly available in the market places, but since it is expensive, it may diminish the return for small-scale farmers. 
 
Methods: Present study was conducted to compare the growth performance of Large White Yorkshire young pigs (LWY) fed with diet containing skimmed milk and milk replacer during the pre and post weaning periods i.e., from 0 to 56 days of age. Parameters recorded were body weight in kilogram (kg), average daily gain (ADG) in gram (g), average daily feed intake (ADFI) in gram (g), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and cost of feed/kg gain (₹/kg).&nbsp; 
 
Result: Statistical analysis of all the parameters revealed non-significant (P&ge;0.05) differences between the three groups during pre-weaning, post-weaning and overall periods.&nbsp;It may be concluded that skimmed milk powder (SMP) can be replaced by milk replacer powder (MRP) in the diet of weaned pigs without any clinical complications.&nbsp;</div>

Comparative Study on Performance of Young Pigs Fed with Diet Containing Skimmed Milk and Milk Replacer during Pre and Post Weaning Periods

<div>Background: Blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.), a major pulse crop of Andhra Pradesh grown in an area of 3.52 lakh ha with a production of 2.93 lakh tons during rabi season (Anonymous, 2019). One of the major characteristics for selection of blackgram varieties for rabi season under conditions of receding soil moisture in black soils is their early vigour and good weed smothering capability. Early varieties due to their early growth habit can cover the land and thus can smother weeds better than late maturing varieties. Further some variations are observed to be more tolerant to post emergence herbicide application. Hence, there is need to evaluate the promising blackgram varieties for their weed competitiveness and tolerance to pre and post emergence herbicidal application. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, with an objective to find out the competitive ability of blackgram varieties to smother weeds during rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 under upland conditions. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The treatments consisted of five methods of weed control as main plots, viz., pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 PE, imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 PoE, pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1&nbsp;PE fb imazethapyr 50 g ha-1, PoE, manual weeding at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) along with inter cultivation at 30 DAS and unweeded; four blackgram varieties, viz., GBG 1, PU 31, LBG 787, LBG 752, as sub treatments which were replicated thrice. 
 
Result: Weed dry matter recorded at 45 days was lower and weed control efficiency (WCE) was higher with pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 PE fb imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 PoE and was on par with manual weeding with inter cultivation. All the varieties were comparable and equally effective in controlling weed dry matter. Yield of variety GBG 1 was higher due to higher yield attributes viz., no. of pods per plant and 100 seed weight. Among the weed control methods manual weeding treatment with inter cultivation recorded significantly higher yield followed by a combination of pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 PE fb imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 PoE. Further, varieties GBG 1 and PU 31 performed better in manual weeding treatment with intercultivation and without any herbicide use.</div>

<div>Response of Blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) Varieties to Weed Competition and to Pre and Post Emergence Herbicide Application during Rabi</div>