<div>In the present study, histological studies of the digestive system and SEM study of radula of Fusinus nicobaricus was evaluated. The digestive system contains proboscis, oesophagus, stomach, hepatopancreas, intestine, rectum and anus. The digestive tract of Fusinus nicobaricus encloses a buccal mass at the anterior region which contains a chitinous radula. The oesophagus leaved the buccal mass dorsally and passed the food into an extensible stomach. A pair of salivary gland lied with mid-oesophagus region. Digestive gland secreted digestive enzymes into the lumen of the stomach into mid region. Intestine was thin walled, usually long and possess loop through the digestive gland tissue and leaves as short rectum. Hepatopancreas was also implicated in storage and excretion of inorganic reserves, lipids and carbohydrate metabolites. Radula, a specific character and part of the appendices of digestive system of majority of molluscs. It was observed that the type of radula in F.n is rachiglossate with radular formula of 1+R+1.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Histological Investigation of the Digestive System and SEM Study of Radula in <em>Fusinus nicobaricus </em>(Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae)</div>


<div style="text-align:justify">Twenty apparently healthy female cattle were selected for the study. Animals were withdrawn of feed and water for 48 hours. During this period, cattle were administered with dextrose normal saline (@10ml/ kg IV twice daily) and were subjected to endoscopy every 12 hours. Animals were restrained in a chute and no sedation was followed. Endoscopy was performed using Olympus&trade; [GIF V70] flexible video endoscope. The endoscope was passed through the ventral nasal meatus, the pharynx and oesophagus and then into the reticulo-rumen. The entire rumen could be visualized clearly only when the animals were off feed and water for at least 36-48 hours and in some animals the ingesta had to be removed by lavage. The rumen appeared as pink with numerous papillae throughout its surface with different shapes. The procedure was well tolerated by all the cattle and satisfactory ruminal images could be obtained including biopsy.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Endoscopic evaluation of rumen in cattle (<em>Bos Taurus</em>) - A preliminary study&nbsp;</div>

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders in dogs are a significant concern in veterinary medicine, as they can lead to various clinical manifestations ranging from mild discomfort to severe systemic illness. The upper GIT encompasses the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum, with disorders affecting these organs potentially resulting in symptoms such as vomiting, inappetite and dehydration. Given the wide range of possible conditions that can affect the upper GIT in dogs, early and accurate diagnosis is essential to initiate appropriate treatment and management strategies. The present study investigated the affections of GIT in dogs.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> During the study period, from May to October 2024, 2042 dogs were screened, presented at VCC, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur (M.P.). Among them, 132 dogs were suspected of having GIT affections, out of which 30 dogs were selected for radiographic, abdominal sonography and endoscopic examination in which 28 dogs were confirmed to have upper GIT affections.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The overall occurrence of upper GIT affections in dogs was recorded as 01.37% and among the suspected dogs, it was 21.21%. The most consistent clinical signs observed were chronic vomiting (100%), followed by inappetite (92.86%), dehydration (89.29%), retching (57.14%), haematemesis (32.14%), weight loss (28.57%), ptyalism (21.43%) and dysphagia (10.71%). The ultrasonographic, radiographic and endoscopic examination revealed higher occurrence of chronic gastritis 50.00% (14/28) followed by gastric ulcers and erosions 35.71% (10/28), gastric foreign body 10.71% (3/28), oesophagitis 07.14% (2/28), megaoesophagus 03.57% (1/28) and sialocele 03.57% (1/28).</p>


Histological Investigation of the Digestive System and SEM Study of Radula in Fusinus nicobaricus (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae)

Endoscopic evaluation of rumen in cattle (Bos Taurus) - A preliminary study

A Comprehensive Diagnostic Study of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders in Dogs