Background: The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a key vector for serious diseases such as dengue, Zika, chikungunyaand yellow fever, necessitating effective control measures. Conventional chemical insecticides face challenges such as insecticide resistance and environmental impact, prompting the exploration of alternative strategies. This study investigates the larvicidal potential of Octopus cyanea ink against Ae. aegypti larvae as a natural biocontrol agent. 
 
Methods: O. cyanea ink, known for its complex bioactive compounds, was tested against fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti after 24 and 48 hours of exposure at different concentrations ranged between 100-600 ppm. 
 
Result: The study revealed a dose- and time-dependent increase in larval mortality, with the highest concentration (600 ppm) causing up to 98.33% mortality within 48 hours. Probit analysis indicated LC50 values of 311.31 ppm at 24 hours and 180.11 ppm at 48 hours, suggesting increased efficacy over time. The findings underscore the potential of O. cyanea ink as an eco-friendly, natural larvicide, offering a promising alternative to synthetic chemicals. The study highlights the need for further research, including field trials and chemical characterization of the ink, to develop new sustainable approaches for mosquito control and to combat the growing issue of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti populations.

Larvicidal Toxicity of Octopus cyanea Ink against Aedes aegypti Larvae

<div>Background: The present study aims to evaluate the therapeutic action of Sepia pharaonis ink extract in experimentally induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) rat model and perform Immunohistochemistry to confirm the findings. 
 
Methods: The female rats were grouped into 5 consisting of six animals each. Only water was given to the control group. For inducing PCOS, Letrozole 1mg/kg.b.wt was administered to the subsequent four groups for 21 days. To the third group, an allopathic drug, clomiphene citrate 1mg/kg was given for 19 days after PCOS induction. The SPIE was subjected to lyophilisation to make a black powder and next two groups were administered orally with two different dosages of SPIE (100mg and 200mg respectively) mixed with water after PCOS induction. Vaginal smears were taken from all groups till 21 days and then treatment was started with clomiphene citrate (CC) and SPIE. After 21 days, vaginal smears were taken from all groups till ovulation was induced. The test drug effects were studied using ovary weight both right and left, body weight, hormonal levels, histopathology of ovary and Immunohistochemistry.&nbsp; 
 
Result: PCOS group showed rapid increase in the ovarian weight when compared to control and was reduced by CC and SPIE treatment. The levels of progesterone and estradiol were found lower and testosterone levels were found higher in PCOS rats which were favourably altered. Vaginal smears coincided with the histopathology and immunohistochemistry findings. SPIE can be used as a therapeutic drug for PCOS in future, reduce infertility complaint of females and prevent early inception of diabetes mellitus.</div>

Larvicidal Toxicity of Octopus cyanea Ink against Aedes aegypti Larvae

Determine Cyp17a1 and Ki67 Expressions in Pcos Induced Rat Model Treated with Sepia pharaonis Ink Extract Proves Effective