Background: Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a major viral infection that results in acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and myocarditis in puppies aged 3-4 months. Despite successful vaccination, it produces significant morbidity and mortality. Inadequate immunity and current kennel practices such as early weaning have predisposed the young canines to CPV. The present study aimed to characterize different antigenic types of CPV-2 in Nagpur region. 
 
Methods: In the current investigation, 50 fecal samples were obtained from dogs suspected of having CPV-2 from 2020-2023 in Nagpur, India and subjected to various detection tests such as haemagglutination test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Nested PCR (NPCR) followed by VP2 gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. 
 
Result: A total of 9 (18%) of the 50 samples tested positive for the haemagglutination test, while 19 (38%) and 29 (58%) tested positive for conventional PCR and NPCR. NPCR was found to be the most sensitive detection tool of all of them. Sequence analysis found 99.85%-100% similarity with CPV-2b and 2c antigenic type sequences from China and 99.79% identity with sequences from Mizoram state of India. CPV-2b and CPV-2c were the major antigenic types circulating in Nagpur, India. This study will help us to understand the circulating antigenic types of CPV-2 in Nagpur region and promote the formulation of novel diagnostics and vaccines.

Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of CPV-2 from Diarrheic Dogs in and Around Nagpur

A cross-sectional study was carried out on 50 N&rsquo; Dama cattle and 35 equids blood samples from Republic of Guinea and Punjab, India, respectively to assess the level of exposure to obligatory haemoprotozoa Theileria equi and Trypanosoma evansi by 18S rRNA gene based primary and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and RoTat1.2 based card agglutination test (CATT), and to investigate risk factors associated with the infection. Blood smear examination revealed the prevalence rate of 6% (95% CI = 2.06-16.22) for Trypanosoma spp. in N&rsquo;dama cattle and 5.7% for T. equi in equids. In equids, 17.14% (95% CI = 8.10-32.68) samples showed positive titer by CATT. Primary PCR showed 5.71% (95% CI = 1.58-18.8) infection and on the other hand nested PCR depicted 20% (95% CI = 10.04-35.89) T. equi infection. Moreover, only 8.57% (95% CI = 2.96-22.38) prevalence of T. evansi was recorded by T. evansi based multiplex PCR. PCRs revealed higher risk of infection&nbsp;of both T. equi (OR = 5.28, 95% CI = 0.68-49.81) and T. evansi (OR = 3.33, 95% CI = 0.20-104.83) in the farms where proper deworming/vaccination schedule was not followed. The risk factor associated with the type of host species had an odds ratio (OR) of 5 (95% CI = 3.90-74.33) for donkeys/mules versus horses for T. equi infection. This group was also at higher risk of infection with OR of 4.8 (95% CI = 0.12-124.47) for T. evansi. The present exploration brings out a variety of commodities at risk of infectivity pertaining to trypanosomosis and theileriosis calculated by different PCRs assay. 
&nbsp;

Conventional and molecular diagnosis of haemo-protozoan infections&nbsp;in cattle and equids from Republic of Guinea and India

Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of CPV-2 from Diarrheic Dogs in and Around Nagpur

Conventional and molecular diagnosis of haemo-protozoan infections in cattle and equids from Republic of Guinea and India