<div>Background: India has been bestowed with wide range of climate and physio-geographical conditions making it suitable for growing various kinds of horticultural crops. Out of which the awareness on usage of cut flowers for various occasions has raised the demand for cut flowers in the market, especially Tamil Nadu. The overall objective of the study is to estimate the demand and supply of cut flowers in Tamil Nadu. 
 
Methods: Hosur block in Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu was purposively selected as it is the leader in area and production of rose flowers. A two-stage random sampling method was adopted to select the sample farms with a total sample size of 120. Simple percentage analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis were used to discuss the results.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The important period of demand for cut flowers in Hosur block are events like Navratri, Christmas, New Year, Valentine Day, Therthiruvizha, Ramjan and Bakrith. There were 164 days in a year which would be auspicious. On an average 450 bunches of rose, 320 bunches of gerberas and 150 bunches of carnations are used in an event in addition to some other flowers. The technical efficiency measures for Roses indicated that most farmers belonged to the least efficient category (&lt;90 per cent) with a proportion of 62.50 per cent to total.</div>

Demand and Supply of Cut Flowers Production in Krishnagiri District of Tamil Nadu - An Approach by Data Envelopment Analysis

Background: The transformation from traditional to sustainable organic farming systems presents significant challenges with varying development patterns across geographical contexts. Sathing Phra Peninsula in Southern Thailand represents a unique case where organic agriculture covers only 0.31 per cent of rice cultivation area yet demonstrates distinctive adaptations. Despite growing organic agriculture literature, research on coastal peninsular organic rice systems remains limited, creating knowledge gaps for location-specific development strategies. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This mixed-methods study was conducted in Sathing Phra Peninsula, covering four Songkhla Province districts. Data collection involved two phases: Examining organic rice supply chain structure using snowball sampling with 52 informants analyzing marketing patterns from 47 certified organic rice farmers through in-depth interviews and observation. Analysis utilized descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, content analysis SWOT analysis. Data validity was ensured through triangulation, member checking expert review. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The study revealed a centralized supply chain where farmers and small-scale operators conduct all stages from production to distribution, with no specialized processors found. Three farmer groups emerged: Traditional Marketers (51.06 per cent) selling paddy rice through conventional channels, New Marketers (31.91 per cent) adapting to diversified systems and professional entrepreneurs (17.02 per cent) with superior marketing capabilities. Despite 95.74 per cent producing to organic standards, vulnerabilities include low bargaining power (72.34 per cent depend on intermediaries), lack of branding (74.47 per cent have no product names) and limited online adoption (19.15 per cent). SWOT analysis identified four strategic approaches encompassing value addition, capacity development, strength-based defense and integrated weakness-threat reduction for sustainable organic rice marketing development.

Organic Rice Supply Chain Structure and Marketing Strategies in a Basin-based Agroecosystem: A Case Study from Sathing Phra Peninsula, Southern Thailand

This research aims to study the management of water demand in different product markets in downstream lands of Yengejeh Dam in Neyshabur. This is an exploration research survey and library study conducted in 2015-2016. The required information to test the research hypotheses was gathered by questionnaire. The statistical population includes 150 wheat farmers randomly selected &nbsp;A scenario of increasing the elasticity of product demand in resource allocation in the competitive and monopolar water market was developed by assimilation algorithm in the studied region. According to the market situation of water in the region which is almost similar to monopoly water market, the results suggest that wheat farming can be superseded by farming some other trade and export-oriented crops. This brings about an increasing amount of product and yield per hectare of land with using less water supply and less area under cultivation.

Water demand management in different structures of agriculture product market (A case study of Coastal Lands of Yengejeh Dam)

<div>Background: This study investigates the socio-demographic characteristics of dairy farmers and evaluates the economic viability, gender dynamics and marketing efficiency of milk production in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Dairy farming is a critical livelihood source, yet it faces challenges like high production costs, inefficiencies in marketing and gender disparities. Previous studies have emphasized production trends but less attention has been paid to value distribution, a gap this study addresses. 
 
Methods: Primary data were collected in 2023 from 150 dairy farming households in Kathmandu Valley through structured surveys and focus group discussions. The study applied cost analysis to estimate fixed and variable costs, gross and net returns and cost per liter of milk. Value chain performance was assessed using marketing cost, marketing margin, marketing efficiency and producer&rsquo;s share in consumer price. Garrett&rsquo;s ranking technique was employed to identify production and marketing constraints faced by farmers. 
 
Result: The findings reveal that 60.67% of households are male-headed, with nuclear families (79.33%) averaging 5.44 members. The literacy rate (79.33%) surpasses the national average, with 68% of household income derived from agriculture. The average number of milking animals per household is 2.01, with Lalitpur recording the highest milk yield of 14.45 liters per cow per day. The cost of milk production averages NRs. 74.25 per liter, with Kathmandu having the highest cost (NRs. 76.78). Women predominantly handle production tasks, while men dominate marketing activities. Bhaktapur households reported the highest net revenue, though profitability is constrained by high feed and veterinary costs. Marketing efficiency is highest in direct sales channels (Channel I), where farmers capture a 99.32% share, while intermediary-dependent channels significantly reduce margins. The study concludes that while milk production is profitable, systemic inefficiencies and gender disparities limit sustainability. Policy interventions should focus on reducing input costs, strengthening cooperatives and ensuring fair value distribution across the chain.</div>

Value Chain Analysis of Milk in Kathmandu Valley-Nepal

Background: The per capita net availability of pulses in India has been increased from 15.5 kg per year in 2018-19 to 19.6 kg in 2021-22. Efforts made to bridge the gap between demand and supply of pulses in the country has resulted in reducing the gap to some extent in recent years and still country is depended on import to meet the growing demand of the pulses such as pigeon pea, lentils and peas. Few studies predicted the demand and supply of pulses as a whole in the country and no studies analyzed the pulse wise demand supply gap in India. Hence, the present study was proposed to predict the demand and supply of major pulses such as chickpea (Gram/Chana), pigeon pea (Tur/Arhar), black gram (urd bean), mung bean (Green gram) and lentil (Masur) in India for a period, 2024-2030. 
 
Methods: The present study has been used the crop data on area, production and yield of major pulses including chickpea (Gram/Chana), pigeon pea (Tur/Arhar), black gram (urd bean), mung bean (Green gram) and lentil (Masur) for a period of 29 years (1985-2024) collected from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of India, New Delhi. Household consumption expenditure data was collected from the National Sample Survey office for 2011-12 from the Government of India. The supply projection was estimated by using linear regression model and demand projections were done by using behaviouristic approach. 
 
Result: Decadal trend in area, production and yield of pulses from 1970-2010 showed mixed trends of increase and decrease, whereas in 2010-2020, chickpea, pigeon pea, mung bean and black gram showed positive trend in area, production and yield but lentil alone showed negative trend in production. Import dependency of the pulses in the total availability has reduced to 8.92 per cent in 2021-22 from 19.42 per cent in 2009-10. Import dependency of the pulses in the total availability has reduced to 8.92 per cent in 2021-22 from 19.42 per cent in 2009-10. The availability of pulses has grown at a rate of 3.73 per cent from 2009 to 2021. Chick Pea, Tur, Mung bean, Urd bean and Lentils together contributed on an average 88.7 per cent to the total pulses production and 83.73 per cent of pulses availability from 2013 to 2021. Production of these five pulses has increased to 23.04 million tonnes in 2020-21 from 17.3 million tonnes from 2013-14. Gram is the single pulse contributed more than 40 per cent of the pulse production of the country in the above period. Demand supply projection showed a net surplus of 0.81-3.89 mt in the case of pulses and 5.64 -7.63 mt in the case of gram and 0.89 to 1.91 mt in Urd and 0.68 to 1.57 mt in Mung bean during 2024-2030. But in the case of pigeon pea and lentil there may be a net deficit in the range of 3-2.42 and 1.13-1.04 mt, respectively, during 2024-2030. Efforts should be made to bridge the gap in demand and supply of pigeon pea and lentil by the way of bringing new areas under pulses and developing the technologies suitable for the clusters.

Demand and Supply Projections for Pulses in India

Background: Millets offer solutions for multiple challenges, including malnutrition, food insecurity, resource scarcity, agricultural production risks due to climate change and lifestyle-related health problems. Hence, increasing millet production and consumption contributes to achieving the United Nations&rsquo; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2, 3, 12 and 13. The Government of India is actively promoting these crops to benefit both people and the planet. In recent years, there has been a growing awareness among urban populations about the nutritional benefits of millet. However, their supply has dwindled over the years due to a decrease in the land area dedicated to millet cultivation, which high-value commercial crops have replaced. If this trend continues, it could lead to a potential shortage of millets within the country. 
 
Methods: In this study, the anticipation demand and supply of millets in the Maharashtra state of India was projected by analyzing consumer expenditure data from the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) for the year 2011-12. Demand estimation was conducted through three distinct methodologies; static projections, normative benchmarks and behavioristic- Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QuAIDS) model allowing for comprehensive insights into consumption patterns and elasticity responses.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The projected demand for millets by 2036 is estimated at 3.90 million tons, while the supply is&nbsp; anticipated to be 0.76 million tons, resulting in a deficit of -3.14 million tonnes. If the current trends in cultivated&nbsp; area and crop yield persist,&nbsp; a&nbsp; substantial net deficit will be observed across&nbsp; all millet varieties included in the study. To mitigate this shortfall, strategic enhancing yield potential&nbsp; through initiatives as distributing&nbsp; high-quality seeds, incorporating biofortified varieties, promoting&nbsp; awareness, implementing&nbsp; price incentives and providing&nbsp; facilities for processing.

Meeting the Growing Demand for Nutri-Cereals: A Supply Assessment for Maharashtra, India&nbsp;

Background: Jharkhand State Cooperative Milk Producers&#39; Federation (JMF) plays a vital role in the processing of raw milk purchased from Jharkhand State member-producers and contributes to the development of the dairy sector. The current study explores the essential components in JMF&#39;s dairy supply chain, focusing on the marketing&nbsp;unit, and provides a preliminary framework for making decisions regarding its ramifications.

Methods: To compile a SWOT analysis of the milk marketing&nbsp;system in JMF, data were collected from dairy producer members, including dairy farmers, marketing&nbsp;unit executives, and key informants. This includes establishing the objectives of the dairy sector and the internal and external critical factors (CFs). Because SWOT analysis does not give an investigative basis for evaluating the priorities of CFs, the analytic hierarchy approach is utilised to determine the priorities of detected CFs. The CFs have also been ranked according to their importance.

Results: This study&#39;s findings indicate that the SWOT-based methodology gives crucial sensitivity when evaluating marketing&nbsp;chain strategy for dairy cooperatives like JMF. The findings of this study show that wide range of quality dairy products, absence of strong sales and marketing experience, emerging new markets offering greater marketing potential, seasonal slump are the major strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of JMF, respectively.

SWOT Analysis of Dairy Marketing Chain of JMF using Analytical Hierarchy Process

The objective of this study was to determine factors affecting smallholder cattle farmers&rsquo; participation in high-value cattle markets in the Ngaka Modiri Molema District, South Africa. A total of 109 smallholder cattle farmers were randomly selected and interviewed by using structured questionnaire. Descriptive and probit regression analysis were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science. The results revealed that the majority of the farmers: were males, married, not formally educated, had &lt;10years of cattle farming experience, did not participate in the most rewarding channels, used informal markets, received higher prices from the cattle markets nearer and regularly used. The statistically significant variables found to influence the cattle farmers&rsquo; participation in the high value formal markets from the probit regression analyses were number of heifers (Z=2.742: Sig. 0.006), keep farm-records (Z=2.611: Sig. 0.009), years in cattle farming (Z=-2.451: Sig. 0.014), and slaughtering cattle and selling as carcass (Z=-1.899: Sig. 0.054).&nbsp;

Determinants of smallholder cattle farmers&rsquo; access to high-value cattle markets in the Ngaka Modiri Molema District, South Africa

<div>Background: Jharkhand State Cooperative Milk Producers&rsquo; Federation (JMF) plays crucial role in processing of raw milk procured from the member-producers across the Jharkhand State and contributes to dairy development. The current study investigates the critical factors in JMF&rsquo;s dairy supply chain, specifically the processing unit and offers an initial decision framework for its implications.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: To summarise the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the milk processing system in JMF, the necessary data were collected from dairy producer members, including dairy farmers, executives and key informants of processing units. This includes identifying the dairy industry&rsquo;s objectives as well as the internal and external critical factors (CFs). Because SWOT analysis provides no investigative basis for evaluating the priorities of CFs, the analytic hierarchy process is used to define the priorities of identified CFs. The CFs have also been sorted in the order of importance.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The findings of this study show that fully computerised system with self-automation facilities; high operational cost for processing liquid milk; development of new product and value addition; high labour cost or shortage of labour are the major strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of JMF, respectively. Further, the SWOT-based methodology provides critical sensitivity in assessing supply chain strategies for the dairy cooperative like JMF.&nbsp;</div>

SWOT Analysis of Dairy Processing Supply Chain of JMF using Analytical Hierarchy Process

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Cardamom is often valued as the third most expensive spice in the world after saffron and vanilla. The prominent area where e-marketing is adopted in spice trade in Kerala is in the e-auctioning of cardamom. The Spices Board had introduced e-auction of cardamom in Vandanmedu, Idukki, Kerala in December 2007. The other e-marketing platforms of cardamom includes marketing through websites and social media. The current study aimed to delineate the benefits and constraints perceived by farmers in e-marketing of cardamom. 
Methods: The study was conducted in the Idukki district of Kerala. Sixty farmers undertaking e-marketing of cardamom were selected and interviewed, six each from the ten panchayats with maximum area under cardamom cultivation. The benefits and constraints identified based on open-ended questions during survey were listed and ranked according to their frequency and percentage. 
Result: The major benefits of e-marketing identified were the availability of proper transaction records and bills, assurance of timely delivery and prompt payment and absence of information asymmetry between buyers and sellers. The major constraints of e-marketing identified were the delay in payments, exploitation of farmers by auctioning agencies and effect of lot number in the e-auction on the prices offered.</div>