<div style="text-align: justify;">We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome sulfate (CEF) liposomes in eight healthy goats following intramuscular administration at 4 mg/kg. The average particle diameter of CEF liposomes prepared by the ethanol injection method was 335nm with a CEF entrapment efficiency of 69.56%. The elimination half-life (t1/2b) of CEF liposomes was 33.04h compared with 16.21 h for CEF injected without carrier (p&lt;0.05). The area under the concentration curve (AUC) for CEF liposomes was approximately three-times greater than for CEF alone (P&lt;0.05). The time-point of maximum plasma concentration of the drug (Tp) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were 4.38 h and 1.99 &igrave;g/mL for CEF liposomes, compared with 1.86 h and 3.55 &igrave;g/mL for CEF without carrier, respectively.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Preparation and pharmacokinetics of cefquinome sulfate liposomes in goats</div>

<p style="text-align: justify;">Present investigation was carried out to study the bacterial load of different semen extender in frozen thawed semen samples of Sahiwal bulls maintained at Artificial Breeding Research Centre, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana. Twenty four ejaculates from four bulls were collected during morning hours using sterilized artificial vagina and the ejaculates were evaluated. Semen samples showing more than 70 per cent progressive motility and having more than 800 million sperms per ml were used for further processing and freezing. The samples were split into six aliquots and extended in six different extenders [Conventional egg yolk (CEY), egg yolk of hen supplemented with omega enriched diet (group I), Egg yolk of hen supplemented with herbal feed (group II), 1% soya lecithin (SY1), commercially available Bioxcell (SY2) and Optixcell (LP)]. One ml of post thaw semen (four straws) was serially diluted (ten-fold) with normal saline, loaded in sterilized nutrient agar plate and incubated at 37&deg;C for 48 hours. Number of colonies were counted in duplicate and multiplied by dilution factor. The Standard plate counts (CFU/ml) of frozen thawed semen samples extended in different extenders were analyzed by one way analysis of variance. The results revealed that bacterial load of SY1, SY2 and LP was significantly (p&lt;0.05) different from egg yolk based extenders. The highest microbial load of frozen thawed semen samples was recorded in group II (646.30&plusmn;71.65) egg yolk extender and lowest in optixcell (91.67&plusmn;6.72) extender. Microbial load in all the extenders are well within the standard limit (5000CFU/ml) of frozen thawed semen sample. Lower bacterial load in present finding may be due to maintenance of better HACCP protocol for hygiene during preparation, semen collection and semen processing.</p>


Preparation and pharmacokinetics of cefquinome sulfate liposomes in goats

Microbial load of frozen thawed Sahiwal semen extended in egg yolk, soya lecithin and liposome based extender