<div style="text-align: justify;">Kunapajala is a fermented liquid organic manure mentioned in Vrikshayurvedha and now a days popular among farmers. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the soil and foliar efficacy of 2% and 5% herbal and non- herbal Kunapajala on plant growth by using bhindi. Kunapajala treatment was compared with inorganic fertilizers, Panchagavya and fish amino acid. Foliar application of 5% non-herbal Kunapajala recorded the highest growth and yield attributes such as plant height (124.4 cm), number of branches (3.73), leaf area index (1.42) , dry matter production (3845.51 kg ha-1, number of fruits per plant (25.5), length of fruits (15.24 cm), girth of fruits (7.22 cm), average fruit weight (20.8 g) &nbsp;and yield (20.78 t ha-1) . &nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of Organic Liquid Manure of Kunapajala on Growth and Yield of Bhindi [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.]</div>

<div>Considering the major setback in agricultural productivity received due to unscientific and excessive practice of intensive farming with injudicious use of chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides etc.) as well as environmental hazards, there is a need for at least a partial paradigm shift towards eco-friendly organic approach. Practicing organic agriculture with various organic inputs like Kunapajala can provide soil health management as well as plant protection against pest and diseases, which finally reflects an increase in agricultural productivity. Although this traditional ITK formulation have been modified over the years according to the raw material availability across the location, it is rich in beneficial micro-organisms, growth promoting hormones, enzymes, vitamins, bio-pesticidal compounds which play key roles in crop growth and development when this organic liquid is applied alone or in combination with other organic/inorganic nutrient sources. However, research works on Kunapajala to standardize the dose, time and method of application, quantity of raw materials used for preparation, nutritional properties and response of crop to its application are very limited which further urges for scientific testing through multi-locational, multi-crop research trial and laboratory analysis of the quality of this liquid organic formulation. Afterwards, it requires transfusion to farming community through strong extension works to achieve sustainability in agricultural production.</div>

Kunapajala: A Traditional Organic Formulation for Improving Agricultural Productivity: A Review

Background: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a drought-tolerant oilseed vital to developing countries and arid regions. Despite its resilience and rich oil content, yields remain low due to indeterminate growth and poor nutrient and source-sink balance. Organic farming offers a sustainable yield improvement approach, but the effects of foliar organic inputs like Panchagavya, cow urine and vermiwash under organic certified conditions are yet to be fully evaluated. 
 
Methods: A field study was carried out during the 2022 Kharif season at the Organic Farming Research and Training Centre, MPKV, Rahuri (semi-arid Inceptisol, pH 7.58). Using a randomized block design with three replications, ten treatments were tested viz.: control, cow urine (10%), vermiwash (10%), Panchagavya (3%), humic acid (2.5%), Amritpani (3%), waste decomposer (25%), Jeevamrit (10%), Kunapajala (3%) and cow urine + vermiwash (each 10%). All plots received vermicompost (2 t ha-1) at sowing, with foliar sprays applied at flowering [36 Days After Sowing (DAS)] and capsule initiation [57 Days After Sowing (DAS)]. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p&le;0.05. 
 
Result: Foliar spraying with 3% Panchagavya significantly improved sesame growth, yielding more height, plant spread, branches&nbsp; plant-1&nbsp;and dry matter plant-1, surpassing the control. Cow urine + vermiwash produced similar results. Panchagavya also gave the highest yield traits, more capsules plant-1, higher capsule weight, seeds capsule-1, increased seed weight/ plant-1&nbsp;and seeds plant-1. Test weight was unaffected. Overall, fermented organic foliar inputs, especially Panchagavya, markedly enhanced sesame growth and yield under organic systems.

Effect of Organic Liquid Manure of Kunapajala on Growth and Yield of Bhindi [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.]

Kunapajala: A Traditional Organic Formulation for Improving Agricultural Productivity: A Review

The Use of Liquid Organic Formulations Improves the Growth and Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under Organic Cultivation