Background: Soil fungal communities significantly contribute to the health and productivity of plants, with their compositions influenced by plant disease presence at various altitudes. This study compares the variations in soil fungal diversity between healthy and diseased duku (Lancium domesticum Corr.) plantations in Jambi, Indonesia. 
 
Methods: This study examines the potential fungal indicators on soil health, concentrated on four sites representing various altitudes: Kumpeh (10,32 m asl), Rano (5,80 m asl), Koto Rami (623,46 m asl) and a location of the Diseased site (194,01 m asl). The fungal communities were analyzed using DNA sequencing and the NCBI ITS RefSeq database. 
 
Result: The dominant fungal phyla across all sites were Ascomycota, most abundant in the low-altitude from Kumpeh and Basidiomycota, primarily present in the high-altitude from Koto Rami. Mucoromycota and smaller groups like Zoopagomycota were also identified. The high-altitude site at Koto Rami showed high water content and organic matter, which may have supported a unique soil microbial community. The low-altitude site at Rano exhibited a neutral pH and well-balanced Phosphorus levels, both of which encourage fungal activity. In contrast, the low-altitude samples from Kumpeh displayed higher levels of Calcium and Magnesium, low organic matter and a sandy texture, which may have restricted the fungal community. In the Diseased site, stress was detected as indicated by reduced moisture levels and heightened microbial activity, suggesting that certain microbes might adversely affect plant health. Overall, increased moisture and good organic matter in the soil can enhance fungal growth, while a neutral pH, adequate phosphorus and suitable soil texture can facilitate fungal diversity. 
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Comparative Analysis of Soil Fungal Profiles in Healthy and Diseased Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr.) Plantations at Different Altitudes in Jambi Province, Indonesia

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The development of local Bali cattle in ex-situ areas allow for the formation of new qualitative phenotypic characteristics. The aim of this study is to characterize Bali cattle that have been created in Jambi Province&rsquo;s ex-situ environment in several of rearing areas. 
 
Methods: A research sample of 478 Bali cattle from Muaro Jambi (MJB) district, Sarolangun (SLG) district, Tanjung Jabung Timur (TJT) District, Jambi City (KJB) and PTPN VI were surveyed. The qualitative phenotype characteristic observed were pattern of head color, dominant head color, inner-ear color, forehead color, side-lip color, horn shape, body-color pattern, dominant body color, back-line color, under-belly color, sock color, rump color and tail color. The frequency and percentage of each qualitative characteristic were calculated using the PROC FREQ function of SAS software version 9.0, resulting in a cross-tabulation of the qualitative characteristics observed in Bali cattle at various locations. Then, PROC CORESP performs multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) between the qualitative characteristics of the variables. The resulting plot depicts the graphical relationship between variables.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Research results based on sex showed that only white lower lip and black inner ear were characteristic of the head found to be common, while black backline, light-brown underbelly, white rump&nbsp;and black tail hair were common characteristics for the body. Head phenotype based on district showed that white lower lip and white-black inner ear could be found in male Bali cattle while white lower lip and abnormal horn characteristic could be found in females. Body characteristic analysis showed three-color pattern to be common in male Bali cattle while black backline, white feet&nbsp;and white rump were common characteristics found in females. These characteristics can therefore be seen as differentiating characteristics between sex and district of origin of Bali cattle.</div>

Diversity of Qualitative Characteristics and Their Use to Distinguish the Origin of the Bali Cattle Population

<div>Background: Cow urine contains a growth stimulating substance IAA (Indole Acetic Acid) and is a compound from the auxin group. IAA has a good effect on plant growth. Arbucular mycorrhizal fungi have an important role for plants to overcome Al poisoning in marginal soils. Many of the marginal lands in Jambi Province are former coal mining areas. The role of AMF will be better if organic matter is added as a source of nutrition. Therefore, a study was conducted on the effect of a combination of biourine treatment with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and yield of forage in former coal mining areas. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with six treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of: (A) biourine 0% + AMF 0 g / clump (control), (B) biourine 0% + AMF 20 g / clump, (C) biourine 30% + AMF 0 g / clump, (D) biourine 30% + AMF 20 g / clump, (E) biourine 45% + AMF 0 g / clump, (F) biourine 45% + AMF 20 g / clump. The variables observed were leaf width, number of leaves, plant length, number of tillers and yield of dry forage.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P &lt;0.05) on leaf width, number of leaves, plant length, number of tillers and yield of forage dry matter. The conclusion in this study is that E treatment (biourine 45% + AMF 20 g / clump) is the best.</div>

Comparative Analysis of Soil Fungal Profiles in Healthy and Diseased Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr.) Plantations at Different Altitudes in Jambi Province, Indonesia

Diversity of Qualitative Characteristics and Their Use to Distinguish the Origin of the Bali Cattle Population

Growth and Results Forage Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees in Former Coal Mining Land