<div>Background: Listeria monocytogenes is the only pathogenic bacterium of Listeria that causes disease to humans. The Dairy products, meat and other foods have been proved to be the transmission carriers of Listeria monocytogenes, endangering human health. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a fast, sensitive and specific fluorescent quantitative PCR method for detecting Listeria monocytogenes in milk based on internal reference. 
 
Methods: According to the genome sequence of Listeria monocytogenes published in Genbank, we screened specific target gene Hly gene, designed specific primers and probes, optimized the reaction system and added internal reference (IAC) to the system. This IAC was detected by TaqMan probes labeled with different fluorophore. 25-100 CFU/25 g artificially contaminated sample was added to evaluate the performance of reaction system. 
 
Result: The assay was could be used reliably for detection of Listeria monocytogeneswith a sensitivity of 10-3ng/uL. For the 10-fold dilutions bacteria DNA extracted by cooking water,the lowest detection limit was 4 x 102cfu/mL. But for the plasmid with hly, the lowest detection limit can reach 104 cfu/mL. The standard curve of hly and hly-IAC was established and the quantification was linear between Ct and template copy number (r2=0.999). While the initial sample amount of artificially contaminatedbacteria was 25 CFU/25 g (Fresh milk, milk powder, fermented milk), Listeria monocytogenes could be detected in 14 h. The Hly IAC fluorescent quantitative PCR detection method established in this study,and added internalreference tothe system, can accurately detect Listeria monocytogenesin fresh milk.At the same time, real-time monitoring of the PCR reaction process ensures the reliability of the results, which is suitable for rapid detection of large batches of samples.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div>

Establishment of a Fluorescence Quantitative PCR Assay in Detection of Listeria monocytogenes based on Internal Reference

<div>Background: The horticulture sector in India faces a significant challenge due to the high perishability of produce, resulting in substantial losses in quantity, quality and producer returns. To mitigate these challenges, the India International Horticulture Market (IIHM) has been established in Sonipat, Haryana, as a world-class facility capable of managing large volumes of produce from auction to processing and market distribution while maintaining quality standards. IIHM will serve 17 states and provide dynamic business opportunities. The study primarily focuses on exploring business opportunities and their financial viability within the IIHM framework. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The study was structured around two primary objectives: (i) to study and analyse various revenue generation streams for the fruits and vegetables wholesale market and (ii) to identify parameters for different revenue models and prepare a business model for each combination. Data collection involved brainstorming sessions with officials from the fruits and vegetable wholesale market, analysis of detailed project reports (including the Rungis Market) and a study of Asia&rsquo;s largest wholesale spice market in Delhi. Seventeen distinct revenue generation streams were identified, which were examined under four principal revenue models: renting, outright sales, revenue sharing and collaboration. Simple mathematical and statistical tools were employed for data analysis. Calculations for the rental model were performed using input information, such as area and rate per square metre, provided by the National Council of State Agriculture Marketing Boards, applying a 1.5% annual growth rate after an initial two-year gestation period. Rates for outright sales, revenue sharing and collaboration models were determined by aiming to surpass the income generated through the rental model. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The rental model emerged as the most financially viable among the seventeen streams, while the success of outright sales, revenue sharing and collaboration was contingent on pricing structures and partnership levels. Financial projections over 12 years demonstrated significant revenue potential, exemplified by Shops and Sheds under the rental model generating Rs. 9,61,87,50,000. The findings emphasise the necessity of incorporating growth rates into lease models to ensure long-term profitability. 
&nbsp;</div>

Business Model for India International Horticulture Market in Sonipat (Haryana)

<div>Background: The importance of standardized organic fertilizers with relatively balanced levels of NPK elements, in order to increase the role of organic fertilizers as a source of nutrition for plants which at the same time can improve soil physical, chemical and&nbsp; biological properties and can increase the role of organic fertilizers as a medium for growth and development of biological agents so that they can increase its role as a biopesticide and biofertilizer, thereby simultaneously increasing crop productivity on marginal land. 
 
Methods: This research was conducted in the period June-November 2019 at South Konawe Regency Southeast Sulawesi Indonesia and in the Integrated Laboratory of Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kendari Halu Oleo University. Assessing and formulating organic fertilizers by taking into account the composition of the ingredients which include; C/N ratio of the total material, elemental content of NPK, C-Organic content, moisture content and pH, to produce standardized organic fertilizers, with relatively balanced levels of NPK elements. The field research was arranged in a randomized block design consisting of 3 treatments including B0 = Inorganic fertilizer (control); B1 = Organic fertilizer formula A + agens hayati Biofresh; B2 = Organic fertilizer formula B + agens hayati biofresh. Each treatment was repeated 3 times, which in total there were 9 experimental units. 
 
Result: The formulation of organic fertilizers by taking into account the composition of the ingredients can produce organic fertilizers of a standard quality, with relatively balanced levels of NPK elements, effectively increasing the ability of biofresh biological agents, so as to increase the disease suppression index by 30.12%, with an increase in productivity of 14.31% of non-standard organic fertilizer treatments. And with the efficiency of using biofresh biological agents of 70.6%.</div>

Standardized Organic Fertilizer Formulations and their Effectiveness in Enhancing the Role of Biological Agents to Increase Disease Resistance and Maize Productivity in Marginal Lands

Background: Smart farming uses information and communication technology (ICT) to optimize crop and livestock environments. It is applied in greenhouses, vinyl houses, and livestock barns. By collecting data on crop growth and environmental conditions, smart farms create optimal growth environments. This leads to higher productivity and better quality with less labor, energy, and nutrient input than traditional farming methods. In Korea, crop production has declined due to fewer farmers, and over 80% of agricultural products are imported. The low birth rate and aging population are worsening the shortage of agricultural workers. It is predicted that Korea could face a food shortage in three years due to low self-sufficiency. Smart farms are seen as a solution. They can be implemented in urban areas and are considered a profitable model due to their high production potential. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Nutrient machines are a vital part of smart farming. They dilute and supply essential nutrients for crop growth. However, different machines require varying nutrient ratios, which complicates crop management. To address this, a recipe program has been developed. It automatically adjusts nutrient ratios according to the user&rsquo;s standard settings. This ensures uniform nutrient delivery, regardless of the type of machine used. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The recipe program is expected to improve crop production. It ensures consistent nutrient supply, optimizing growth conditions. It also enhances user convenience by standardizing nutrient management across different machines, reducing complexity in crop cultivation.

A Study on the Standardization of Smart Farm Communication

<div>Background: Dessert with good nutritional value could play an important role in the physical and mental growth and development of infants, children and teenagers as well as great tasty food choice of adult and ageing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional and organoleptic quality of oat milk dessert. Nine types of dessert prepared from an admixture of oat milk and standardized milk having different ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 indicate as TO1, TO2 and TO3, respectively and three different levels of paneer i.e. 5% 10% and 15% indicated as P1, P2 and P3 respectively were compared to each other.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was executed in the Research Laboratory of Warner School of Food and Dairy Technology, SHUATS during 2012 - 2013. Dessert prepared from standardized milk with addition of 10 percent paneer which served as T0P2 (control). The experiment was replicated three times and the data was statistically analyzed by using analysis of variance ANOVA and critical difference (C.D) techniques. Dessert were determined according to the AOAC methods and their organoleptic acceptability by using 9 point Hedonic Scale.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Nutritional content of oat milk dessert experimental sample (TO3P3) showed that protein (9.23%), carbohydrate (28.55%), ash (2.13%) and fat (12.96%). Oat milk dessert gained acceptability in terms of sensory attributes hence was concluded to be a potential nutritious dessert for all vulnerable age group as nutrient-dense food.</div>

<div>Nutritional and Organoleptic Properties of Oat Milk Dessert Enriched with Paneer and Standardized Milk</div>

<div>Background: Heart is the central organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Its development before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The detailed morphometry of different internal parameters of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The foeti of sheep were divided into two age groups viz. mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) with fifteen animals in each age group. The various internal parameters were recorded by using digital weighing machine, graduated measuring cylinder, digital Vernier&rsquo;s calliper, non-stretchable nylon thread and graduated scale. The data recorded was statistically analysed by independent t test with IBM SPSS 25.0 version software.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The average thickness of left ventricular wall of heart was measured as 2.85&plusmn;0.15 mm and 4.28&plusmn;0.07 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average diameter of left atrio-ventricular opening of heart was measured as 2.06&plusmn;0.27 mm and 6.08&plusmn;0.36 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. The average length of septal papillary muscle in right ventricle was measured as 1.12&plusmn;0.10 mm and 3.29&plusmn;0.21 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. Further, the average length of moderator band in heart was measured as 1.45&plusmn;0.11 mm and 4.34&plusmn;0.23 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average length of chordae tendinae in right ventricle of heart was measured as 0.97&plusmn;0.09 mm and 3.50&plusmn;0.34 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Age Wise Internal Morphometrical Studies on the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">This is a prospective, controlled, randomized clinical trial in canine patients with overt Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM). We hypothesized that the addition of the third generation beta-blocker carvedilol to the standard treatment of diuretic (furosemide), inotropic support (digoxin) and ACE-inhibitor (benazepril) would have beneficial effects over cardiac function and quality of life (QoL) that would be measurable 90 days post-treatment. 16 dogs diagnosed with overt DCM were recruited. They underwent clinical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography and neurohormonal profiling (NT-proBNP and NO). Dogs were divided in two groups, receiving standard therapy or standard therapy plus carvedilol and subjected to re-evaluation on 90 days post-treatment. Our results indicated that the addition of carvedilol to the standard therapy improved echocardiographic indices of systolic function (FS and EF), reduced NT-proBNP and NO serum levels and quality of life within the group but did not showed the significant improvement over standard therapy. This suggested that the addition of carvedilol to the standard therapy in canine patients with overt DCM might have beneficial effects in cardiac function and quality of life in the treatment was continued for longer period.</div>

Evaluation of add on effect of carvedilol on standard protocol of digoxin, frusemide and benazepril in the management of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs

Background: Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is considered a highly valuable and beneficial perennial crop in our country. The basal portion of the coconut embryo enlarges during germination and forms a spongy structure, haustorium, which is an excellent source of essential nutrients. Since consumer preference is shifting towards healthy food and processed coconut products have immense scope in this sector, the study was conducted to standardize the process variables for osmo-dehydration of coconut haustorium and to evaluate the nutritional qualities of the osmo-dehydrated product.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present study involved the development of osmo-dehydrated coconut haustorium by standardizing the process variables, viz., osmotic solution concentration and immersion time. Mass transfer, physical, biochemical and sensory parameters were analysed to evaluate the nutritional qualities and consumer acceptance.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results on biochemical properties revealed that an increase in concentration and time of immersion increased TSS, total sugar, reducing sugar, ash and mineral content. The process variables were standardized for the development of osmo-dehydrated coconut haustorium with optimum mass transfer characters, better nutritional qualities and consumer acceptance, which has application in the food industry.

Standardization of Process Variables for the Development of Osmo-dehydrated Coconut Haustorium

<div>Background: Morphometric measurements are important for the characterization of farm animal breeds and have become very useful in determining their morphological standards. Identification of animals based on breed standards are important for breed improvement and conservation programmes. Murrah, India&rsquo;s world famous buffalo breed, is the highest milk producer and improver breed. Prevalence of Murrah grades in the vicinity of breeding tract of the Murrah warrants their differentiation. The objective of this study was to define the morphological standard of the Murrah buffalo and differentiate it from the Murrah grades.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fourteen body biometric traits of 258 she buffaloes were recorded from the core and peripheral breeding tract of the breed. In order to separate the animals into two groups, data were subjected to cluster analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis were used respectively to describe the body conformation and identify the combination of independent traits that distinguished Murrah from grade Murrah. 
 
Result: Our study showed significant differences between the traits of Murrah and grade Murrah (p&lt;0.05). The grade Murrah she buffaloes were smaller than the Murrah counterparts. PCA results showed that five factors explained 67.4% of total variance of studied morphometric traits in Murrah she buffaloes, whereas in Grade Murrah six components explained 72.7% of the total variance. The stepwise discriminant function derived with eight body biometric traits was able to discriminate Murrah and grade Murrah she buffaloes effectively. A total of 93.5% original grouped animals were classified correctly. The present work determines the morphometric standard of the Murrah buffalo through characterization and identification of latent factors of morphometric traits. Subsequent use of this information in marketing, breeding, management and conservation purposes can give significant productivity gains.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Morphological Standard of Murrah Buffalo of India based on Multivariate Analysis of the Phenotypic Traits</div>

Background: In order to explore the causes of the trait occurrence of multi-leaf clover, the above-ground organs of multi-leaf clover and standard clover were extracted for transcriptome sequencing analysis. 
 
Methods: Take the aerial organs (stem and leaf) of standard clover and multi-leaf clover, wipe them clean, put them into cryogenic tubes and store them in liquid nitrogen, bring them back to the laboratory and store them in ultra-low temperature refrigerator for sequencing. 
 
Result: The analysis identified 1,985 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 794 upregulated and 1,191 downregulated genes, primarily enriched in protein phosphorylation, defense response, nuclear localization, cytosolic activity, oxidoreductase activity and protein binding processes. We found 68 and 121 genes uniquely expressed in polyphyllous and standard clover, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed a uniquely expressed gene (c68409.graph_c0) in polyphyllous clover involved in DNA replication, nucleotide excision repair, homologous recombination and mismatch repair pathways during meiosis. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of leafy trait expression in crosses between Mengnong clover No.1 and white clover, supporting future research on stable multi-leaf trait inheritance.