<div>Background: Weeds are the major threat to direct seeded rice and a single strategy of weed control may not be effective for season-long weed control. Intending to accomplish the long-term and sustainable weed management of direct seeded rice, the integration approach of weed management strategies seems a better alternative. The current field study was aimed to evaluate the impact of integration of different weed control methods on direct seeded rice under irrigated ecosystem on weed growth and rice yield.</div>

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Methods: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and twelve treatments during 2017 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. The twelve treatments included the combination of cultural, mechanical, physical and chemical weed management methods.</div>

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Result: Combination of stale seedbed technique integrated with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin with mechanical weeding at 25 DAS followed by 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS, Sesbania (line sowing) fb application of pendimethalin (PE) fb 1 mechanical weeding at 25 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS, stale seedbed with application of pendimethalin (PE) with Sesbania brown manuring supplemented with mechanical weeding (25 DAS) fb hand weeding at 45 DAS, mulching with wheat straw mulch along with post-emergence application of penoxsulam (20 DAS) fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS and application of pendimethalin (PE) fb penoxsulum (PoE) at 20 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS with a row spacing of 25 cm found to be similar in the suppression of weed population and weed density at 40 and 60 DAS and crop yields (4.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.0 and 4.2 t/ha, respectively) were on par with weed free plot i.e. 4.4t/ha. Application of pendimethalin (PE) fb penoxsulum (PoE) at 20 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS with row spacing of 25cm recorded 93.7%, 90.6% and 4.5% weed control efficiency, weed control index and weed index respectively, which was similar with above integrated weed management treatments. A negative correlation of the weed density and dry matter with the yield of rice was recorded.</div>

​Effect of Integrated Weed Management on Weed and Yield of Direct Seeded Rice

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted during autumn, 2014 at ICR Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam to compare three different direct seeded upland rice varieties along with different integrated weed and nutrient management practices. The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized block design replicated thrice with 15 treatments involving 3 varieties: Inglongkiri, Maizubiron and Rasi along with 5 treatments of weed and nutrient management, i.e. 20-10-10 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O + &nbsp;pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha followed by grubber 30 DAS (W1), 30-15-15 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O + pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha followed by grubber 30 DAS (W2), &nbsp;10-5-5 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O &nbsp;+ pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha followed by grubber 30 DAS + Vermicompost @ 1 t/ha &nbsp; (split equally at sowing &amp; 30 DAS) + Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata) green mulch (up to 30 days) (W3), &nbsp;10-5-5 kg/ha &nbsp;N-P2O5-K2O + pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha followed by grubber 30 DAS with intra-row spacing 15cm (W4), &nbsp;and 20-10-10 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O + Weedy check (W5). The predominant weed floras observed in the experimental field were Ageratum conyzoides, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus iria. Treatment W3 resulted significantly lowest weed population at all growth stages. Weed dry weight was significantly lowest with application of 30-15-15 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O along with pretilachlor @ 750 g a.i./ha and grubber 30 DAS at 20, 60 DAS and at harvest of rice crop. The results revealed an increase in yields as evident by higher grain and straw yield for all the three varieties with pre-emergence application of pretilachlor (750g a.i./ha) + grubber 30 days after sowing + 30-15-15 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O.&nbsp;</div>

Weed dynamics and yield of direct seeded upland autumn rice (oryza sativa l.) Varieties as influenced by integrated weed and nutrient management practices

Background: Black rice a special type of rice species known in multiple ways through its beneficial nutrients and health needs and are in need to be cultivated to its outmost potential. Cultivation of weed suppressible variety along with integrated weed management can be considered for high outcome of yield.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
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Methods: A farm trial during kharif season of 2021 and 2022 was laid out in split plot design (SPD) on the experimental field of School of Agricultural Sciences (SAS), Nagaland University, Nagaland consisting of four integrated weed management in the main plot while sub-plot consisting of four cultivars respectively. 
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Result: Grasses, sedges and broad-leaved weeds with a total of 11 species were identified and recorded dominant. Lowest depletion of nutrients by weed was observed with hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS with cultivar Chakhao Poireiton and was followed with application of pretilachlor @ 1.0 kg ha-1&nbsp;(PE) fb HW at 40 DAS. Hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS along with cultivar Chakhao Poireiton exhibited highest plant height, LAI and biological yield and was closely followed with application of pretilachlor @ 1.0 kg ha-1&nbsp;(PE) fb HW at 40 DAS with Chakhao Poireiton, while similar results were also observed with the phenological studies. Further, weedy check recorded lowest plant height and LAI. However, plant population showed no significant variation with context to integrated weed management and different cultivars in both the years. Additionally, correlation studies revealed a strong negative correlation between plant height and nutrient depletion by weeds. 
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Evaluation of Growth, Phenology, Yield and Weed Dynamics as Influenced by Integrated Weed Management in Black Rice Cultivars under Nagaland Condition

Background: A field trial was carried out during the Navarai season (Jan - Apr) of 2025 at the wetland Farm of SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, located in Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India to assess the effect of integrated weed management strategies in drum-seeded rice. 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of ten treatments with three replications. The treatments comprised combinations of Bensulfuron methyl + Pretilachlor (PE), Trifamone + Ethoxysulfuron (EPoE), Florpyrauxifen-benzyl + Cyhalofop-butyl (POE), in combination of hand weeding and power weeding. 
 
Result: Findings indicated that applying PE Bensulfuron methyl + Pretilachlor (660 g/ha) followed by POE Florpyrauxifen-benzyl + Cyhalofop-butyl (150 g/ha) significantly reduced weed density, enhancing weed control efficiency and growth parameters like plant height, tiller count and panicle characteristics and also resulted in the highest straw yield (7215 kg/ha) and grain yield (5,550 kg/ha). The research concludes that employing combination of pre and post emergence herbicides represents a viable approach for effective weed control and enhanced productivity in drum-seeded rice. 
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Assessment of Weed Dynamics and Crop Response Through Integrated Weed Management Strategies in Drum Seeded Rice

Background: Maize is the third most important cereal in India after rice and wheat which contributes nearly 9% in national food basket. Weed infestation is a major problem in maize, primarily at initial growth stages and due to wider spacing, hence weed control is essential to reduce the competition with maize crop. In maize row to row spacing is more so maximum number of weeds appears and compete with main crop. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted in the University Agricultural Farm under the Department of Agronomy in kharif 2019. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture having pH 6.87 and electrical conductivity 0.32 mmhos/cm. The experiment was comprised of eight treatments and laid out in randomized block design with three replications T0 (Control), T1 (Hand weeding at 20 DAS, 40 DAS), T2 (Atrazine 1 kg/ha after 3 days of sowing), T3 (Metribuzin 1 kg/ha after 3 days of sowing), T4 (Alachlor 1.5 kg/ha after 3 days of sowing), T5 (Atrazine + hand weeding 1 kg/ha (after 3 days and 30 days after sowing), T6 (Metribuzin + hand weeding 1 kg/ha (after 3 days and 30 days after sowing), T7 (Alachlor + hand weeding 1.5 kg/ha (after 3 days and 30 days after sowing). The texture of the experimental field soil was sandy loam having pH-6.87, EC-0.32 mmhos/cm.&nbsp; 
 
Result:&nbsp;The weed species recorded at the experimental site were mainly comprised with grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds. The dominant weed species infested in the experimental field were: Cynodon dactylon (doob grass), Cyperus rotundus, Amaranthus viridis, Anagallis arvensis, Argemone mexicana, Chenopodium album, Parthenium hysterophorus and Trianthema prolacastrum. Significant reduction in the weed density was recorded in manual weeding. The highest plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, flag leaf length, chlorophyll content, leaf area index, grain yield and stover yield was recorded highest with hand weeding which was followed by T7 (Alachlor + hand weeding 1.5 kg/ha (after 3 days and 30 days after sowing).

Effect of Integrated Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics and Performance of Maize Crop

Background: Finger millet is an important dryland crops since they can tolerate unfavorable weather and are frequently planted in soils with low nutrient and poor water holding capacity in soils. The main cause for yield loss is weed infestation which occurs in finger millet. Several integrated weed management techniques were carried out to control them particularly and to increase yield which benefits farmers. 
 
Methods: In this context a field experiment was conducted in Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, during Rabi season of 2022-23 in direct sown finger millet under irrigated condition. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with ten treatments and three replications viz., PE pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Hand weeding @ 35 DAS, PoE 2,4-D @ 2 kg ha-1 40 DAS + Hand weeding @ 35 DAS, PE pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Hand weeding @ 35 DAS, PoE 2,4-D @ 2 kg ha-1 40 DAS + Twin wheel hoe @ 30 DAS, PE pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe @ 30 DAS, PE pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe @ 30 DAS, Hand weeding @ 25 and 40 DAS, Twin wheel hoe @ 25 and 40 DAS, Hand weeding @ 25 DAS + Twin wheel hoe @ 40 DAS and Unweeded control. The CO 14 finger millet was used a test variety with 110 days medium duration. 
 
Result: The result showed that pre-emergence pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe weeding @ 30 DAS significantly decreased weed density, importance value index and summed dominance ratio of weeds with higher weed control. The same treatment combination recorded higher plant height (115.8 cm) and grain yield (2368 kg ha-1) at harvest.

Effect of Integrated Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics, Growth Performance and Yield of Direct Sown Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">Worldwide yield losses in maize due to weeds are estimated to be around 37%. Weeds reduce crop yield by competing for light, water, nutrients and CO2, interfere with harvesting and increase the cost of cultivation. The predominant weed flora were Echinochloa crusgalli L. and Cynodon dactylon L. among monocots; Cyperus rotundus L. among sedges; and Amaranthus viridis L., Digera arvensis L., Portulaca oleracea L., Alternenthara sessili L. and Trianthema spp. among dicots in India. The infestation of these weeds is increasing day by day in the maize growing belt of the state especially where the farmers are using atrazine year after year. New herbicides with broad spectrum of weed control are highly essential for effective control of grasses, sedges and broad leaved weeds. So, in order to widen the weed control spectrum, it is desirable to use tank mix combinations of two herbicides having different mode of action and integrated weed management practices for better weed control.</div>

Studies on integrated weed management practices in maize- A review

<div>Background: The date of transplanting which is related to the climatic condition is one of the major factor affecting the growth and yield of black rice. Weeds also pose serious threat to rice in SRI condition if not controlled during critical period of weed competition. Therefore, efficient integrated weed management practices are required in SRI. The experiment was carried out to assess the effect of date of transplanting and integrated weed management on black rice. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of SASRD, NU, Medziphema campus during kharif season of 2019 and 2020. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three dates of transplanting in the main plots and five integrated weed management treatments in the sub-plots with 15 treatment combinations and three replications. 
 
Result: Minimum weed population and dry weight were recorded with transplanting black rice on 15th June. It also gave significantly highest growth attributes and yield of black rice. Among the integrated weed management, Pretilachlor 0.75 kg/ha t 3 DAT fb handweeding at 40 DAT recorded significantly lowest weed population and dry weight and highest plant height, number of green leaves plant-1, dry matter accumulation and yield of black rice.</div>

Date of Transplanting and Integrated Weed Management Effects on Growth and Yield of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under SRI

Background: Now a days chemical control measures alone develops resistance in different weed species. Integrative weed management techniques are more effective and sustainable than chemical management. Based on these facts, a field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2019 and 2020 at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya to investigate the impact of integrative weed management treatments on growth attributes, yield attributes, yield, weed indices and economics of paddy.

Methods: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. In each replication, five integrated weed management treatments were done namely, pretilachlor + paddy weeder (P1), pyrazosulfuron followed by metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl (P2), bispyribac sodium + paddy weeder (P3), completely no weed (P4) and No treatment (P5).

Result: Among the chemical and integrative weed control options, bispyribac sodium + paddy weeder i.e., treatment P3 showed significantly better results than others in case of all the growth attributes and yield attributes except 1000-grain weight. Significantly higher grain yield than all other treatments were recorded in treatment P4 i.e., complete weed free (6.68 t ha-1) followed by treatment P3 i.e., bispyribac sodium + paddy weeder (6.54 t ha-1). Among all the treatments, weed indices like weed control index (80.17, 72.30 and 82.51% at 30, 45 and 60 DAT, respectively) and weed control efficiency (76.48, 79.01 and 80.79% at 30, 45 and 60 DAT, respectively) showed highest results on all the dates whereas weed persistence index at 90 DAT (0.91) and weed index (2.10%) were calculated lowest in treatment P3 i.e., bispyribac sodium + paddy weeder after treatment P4 i.e., completely no weed treatment. This study also indicated rice treated with P4 i.e., weed free showed highest gross return (₹116700 ha-1) and rice treated with P3 i.e., bispyribac sodium at 15 DAT + paddy weeder at 30 DAT showed highest net return (₹59269 ha-1) and benefit:cost (2.07).

Effect of Different Integrative Weed Management Tactics on Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) during kharif in terai Region of West Bengal

Background: Weed infestation is a primary cause of reduced yields, with estimated losses ranging from 10-70% due to crop-weed competition in Indian mustard. Therefore, it is essential to implement effective weed control measures to optimize the crop&#39;s yield potential. A combination of herbicides with manual, culturaland mechanical approaches is desirable to achieve optimal weed control. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of integrated weed management on the productivity and profitability of Indian mustard. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Main Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar during rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23. It consisted of eight treatments in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 fb straw mulch 5 t ha-1 controlled the mixed flora of weeds which resulted in the lowest weed density, weed dry weight, weed index and highest weed control efficiency which resulted in the highest grain yield and stover yield of mustard. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 fb straw mulch 5 t ha-1 registered the highest benefit-cost ratio.