<div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Background:&nbsp;</strong>Chronic exposure to stress results in immuno-suppression. The present study was carried out to explore the therapeutic benefits of vestibular stimulation on the immune system of stress-induced Wistar rats.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:&nbsp;</strong>Stress was intervened in the Wistar rats by cold water swimming method for a period of 14 days. Following stress, caloric vestibular stimulation was induced in the rats by irrigating external auditory meatus bilaterally with hot water (temperature 41<sup>o</sup>C) for 2 minutes for a period of 15 days and 30 days in respective groups. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained and serum corticosterone, Interleukin 2 (IL2), Immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were analyzed using ELISA method and histopathology of brain was assessed. Brain CD4 and CD8 cells were analyzed by Immunohistochemistry.<br />
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<strong>Result:&nbsp;</strong>Stress significantly increased serum corticosterone, IL2 levels and reduced IgM levels. Stress group showed increased dendritic arborization in prefrontal cortex, neuronal atrophy, nuclear pyknosis with congested blood vessels in hippocampus and mononuclear cell inflammatory infiltrate in hypothalamus. Brain extravascular CD4 and CD8 showed positive in stress group. Caloric vestibular stimulation effectively reduced serum corticosterone levels, histopathological changes, brain extravascular CD4 and CD8 cells and improved IgM in the present study.</div>


<p>Vestibular Stimulation as An Interventional Approach for Cold Water Stress Induced Immunological and Histopathological Changes in Rats</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Modulation of host immunity is one of the proposed benefits of the consumption of probiotics. &nbsp;In this study a total of 26 lactic acid bacteria belonging to eight different species were isolated from chicken gut. These twenty six probiotic organisms were characterized by Gram&rsquo;s staining, biochemical methods using 21 sugars, pH tolerance and bile salt tolerance test. &nbsp;These probiotic organisms were identified using PCR amplification of 16S-23S spacer region and sequencing analysis. Based on the sequencing data, 6 different species were found to exist namely Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus hirae, Weissella cibaria, Lactobacillus salivarius, Pediococcus acidilactici. To select the immunomodulatory probiotic bacteria, the scoring index was established based on different chicken cytokine expression and B and T cell receptor expression studies. According to scoring index, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus salivarius and Weissellacibaria showed highest levels of fold increase in the expression of Th1 cytokines viz. IL2, IL 12p40, IL1b and TNF a. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium showed highest levels of fold increase in the expression of Th2 cytokines viz. IL 4, IL10, TGF b and IL6.</div>

Vestibular Stimulation as An Interventional Approach for Cold Water Stress Induced Immunological and Histopathological Changes in Rats

In vitro selection of potential immunomodulatory multispecies lactic acid bacteria in broilers