Background: This study identifies and models key barriers to reverse logistics (RL) implementation in circular agri-food supply chains (AFSCs) in the Indian context and examines their interrelationships. 
 
Methods: Fourteen barriers were identified through an extensive literature review and expert consultation. Interpretive structural modeling (ISM) was employed to develop a hierarchical structure and cross impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis was used to classify barriers based on driving and dependence power. 
 
Result: The findings indicate that lack of RL infrastructure (B2), high cost and low return on investment (B5) and inadequate cold chain facilities (B6) are the most influential barriers, forming the foundational layer of the system. The results highlight the need to prioritize infrastructure and financial interventions, supported by enabling policy measures&nbsp;for effective circular transition. The study provides a system-level understanding of barrier interrelationships and contributes to circular AFSCs literature in the Indian context. 
&nbsp;

Reverse Logistics Barriers in Circular Agri-food Supply Chains: An ISM-MICMAC Approach

Background: The purpose of the study was to assess how effective the use of organic and liquid fertilizers derived from palm oil mill waste as an alternative to improve soil quality and control Ganoderma. 
 
Methods: In this study, the DEA Model was used to assess effectiveness, the TAM Model to assess technology acceptance and the ISM Model to analyze policies that support the management of palm oil mill waste into organic fertilizer. 
 
Result: The results showed that using organic fertilizer obtained from palm oil mill waste significantly improved soil quality. Compared with conventional methods, this treatment also succeeded in reducing the level of Ganoderma attacks by 40% and increasing production yields by 15%. 
&nbsp;

Reverse Logistics Barriers in Circular Agri-food Supply Chains: An ISM-MICMAC Approach

Plantation Management Model with Utilization of Palm Oil Waste