<div><strong>Background:</strong> Bovine anaplasmosis is a haemolytic disease of cattle caused by an obligate intra-erythrocytic bacterium <em>Anaplasma marginale</em> and is characterized by high fever, dyspnoea, anaemia, icterus, decreased milk production and death. The present study was undertaken to study the gross and histopathological changes caused by naturally occurring <em>A. marginale</em> infection in cattle.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> History and clinical examination of animals revealed inappetance/anorexia, presence of tick infestation, high fever, pale or icteric mucous membranes, tachycardia, dyspnoea and lymphadenomegaly. The diagnosis of<em> A. marginale</em> infection was done by blood smear examination and further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analysis. During the present study, two animals did not respond to treatment and were succumbed to <em>A. marginale</em> infection. A systematic post-mortem examination was performed on the animals and gross lesions were recorded. The tissue samples from various vital organs such as heart, lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for histopathological examination.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The post-mortem examination revealed emaciated carcass with yellowish discoloration of serosal surfaces of the abdominal organs, haemorrhagic heart, congestion of lungs, hepatomegaly, distension of the gallbladder and splenomegaly. The major histopathological changes noticed included myocardial degeneration and necrosis, interstitial pneumonic changes, degenerative changes in hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells, enlargement of red pulp area of spleen with histiocytic proliferation and hemosiderosis. Histopathology also revealed inflammatory process characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells in various organs. Very few reports are available on the pathological aspects of <em>A. marginale </em>infection and thus the outcome of the present study can yield valuable information to aid in the diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis under field conditions.</div>


<div>Gross and Histopathological Findings of Naturally Occurring A<em>naplasma marginale</em> Infection in Cattle</div>


<div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Background: </strong>The pesticides are known to adversely affect the quality of water and create hazards for aquatic life that results in severe damage to non-target freshwater organisms including fish. Among them, the organophosphorus pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most commonly used pesticides for controlling various kinds of pests in agriculture. Pesticides after entering in to the body of fish bring about histopathological and biochemical changes in different target and non-target organs. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the toxicity effects of Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and associated histopathological changes in the gill, liver and kidney of the Mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus under the acute toxicity concentrations.&nbsp;<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> Static bioassay was carried out for Chlorpyrifos with Oreochromis mossambicus as test animal for a period of 96 hrs as per standard methods and LC50 values were calculated through Probit analysis. The fishes were exposed to five acute concentrations (0.033, 0.066, 0.132, 0.264 and 0.528 ppb). The gill, liver and kidney tissues were collected from the fishes exposed to the pesticide and standard histology protocol was followed to investigate the histopathological changes.<br /><strong>Result:</strong> The histological changes observed in the gill included lamellar aneurysm, curling of secondary lamellae, shortening of the secondary lamellae, hypertrophy of epithelial cell, fusion of secondary lamellae, deformation of the cartilage core, blood congestion, collapsed secondary lamellae, excessive mucus secretion, disorganization of the secondary lamellae, haemorrhage at primary lamellae, necrosis, haemorrhage at secondary lamellae. The most common histopathological changes in the liver were characterized by cellular necrosis, degeneration of hepatocytes, nuclear degeneration, fat deposition, rupture of nucleus, hypertrophied hepatocytes, blood congestion, blood sinusoids, cellular hypertrophy, increased pycnotic nucleus, cirrhosis and hemosiderosis. Further, histological changes like appearance of dilated lumen, hypertrophied epithelial cells, severe haemorrhage, blood congestion, melanomacrophage aggregation, narrowing of lumen, degenerated tubule, degenerated glomerulus, shrunken glomerulus and distended glomerulus were observed in the kidney. Thus, it is evident from the present study that Chlorpyrifos can be a potential toxicant affecting the fishes at tissue level on dose and time dependent manner which are expected to affect the other physiological processes in the long run.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effects of Acute Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos (EC 50%) and Associated Histological Alterations in Gills, Liver and Kidney of Mozambique Tilapia, <em>Oreochromis mossambicus</em> (Peters, 1852)</div>

Gross and Histopathological Findings of Naturally Occurring Anaplasma marginale Infection in Cattle

Effects of Acute Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos (EC 50%) and Associated Histological Alterations in Gills, Liver and Kidney of Mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)