<p><span style="background-color:rgb(252, 252, 252); color:rgb(96, 96, 96); font-family:open sans; font-size:15px">The present study was designed to evaluate the Pregnancy Diagnosis-Positive Rate (PD-PR) along with conception rate (CR) in an organised farm (Livestock Research Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal) to take effective management decision. One year record of Artificial Insemination (A.I.) and PD of dairy animals (N=1327; comprised 1003 cows and 324 buffaloes) was analysed. On an average, cows and buffaloes were presented for per rectal pregnancy diagnosis after 75.63 (38-119) and 76.3 (46-128) days, respectively of A.I. Overall PD-PR value of cattle was observed to be significantly higher compared to buffaloes (70.77 and 59.45%, respectively, prus symptoms as well as on CR.</span></p>


<p>Pregnancy diagnosis-positive rate and conception rate as indicator of farm reproductive performance</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">The growth rate and instability of mango production is studied for the period 1992-93 to 2013-14. For studying the growth rate, linear and compound models are fitted with and without spline. Spline model is fitted to take care of abrupt jumps in the data and evaluate the change in the trend of time series data.The entire period of study is divided into two sub-periods, 1992-93 to 2002-03 as sub period-I and 2003-04 to 2013-14 as sub-period-II as there is maximum percentage change in area, production and yield of mango in the year 2002-03. The best fitted model is selected by considering the model evaluation criteria, such as, Adj. R2 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The compound model without spline, compound model with spline and linear model with spline was found to be best fit forarea, production and yield respectively. The growth rate in area, production and yield is found by using the best fit model. &nbsp;The growth rate for area is found to be positive and significant but for yield it is found to be significantly negative for each sub period and for the entire period of study. For this, though the production shows positive growth rate but it is insignificant for sub-period-Iand also for the whole period. The instability in mango production is studied with the help of coefficient of variation.As coefficient of variation is affected by long term trend, it is computed after eliminating trend from the data.From study of instability, it is found that area under mango in India shows lesser instability than production and yield. Though there is increase in production of &nbsp;mango but the increase is mainly due to the positive growth in area under mango. The yield of mango is declining at a significant rate. Decomposition analysis carried out by hazel&rsquo;s decomposition technique reveals that change in mean area made a great positive contribution towards the change in mean production, whereas, change in mean yield and change in area &ndash; yield interaction both made negative contribution towards change in mean productionfrom sub-period I to II.</div>

Fitting of appropriate model to study growth rate and instability of mango production in India

<div><strong>Background: </strong>Chickpea is a cool season legume crop and is grown in several countries worldwide as a food source. Seed is the main edible part of the plant and is a rich source of protein, carbohydrates and minerals especially for the vegetarian population. The current study aimed to study the effect of seed rate and seed spacing on yield attributes of chickpea.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The research was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur, Ambala during <em>Rabi</em> season in 2020-2021. The experiment was laid out in split plot design (SPD), with three replication and 9 treatments with two conditions<em> i.e</em>. three different seed rate (60, 75 and 90 kg/ha) and seed rate were design in main plot, where as in sub-plot three spacing (20, 30 and 40 cm) were tested.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The result revealed that seed rate of 75 kg/ha with row spacing of 30 cm in chickpea crop recorded maximum seed index (21.70 g), seed yield (23.26 q/ha), straw yield (26 q/ha), biological yield (49.16 q/ha) and harvest index (47%). The maximum number of pods per plant (107.63) and seeds per pod (2.13) were observed when the seed rate of 60 kg/ha and row spacing of 40 cm was used.</div>


<p>Effect of Seed Rate and Seed Spacings on Yield Attributes of Chickpea</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Heart is the principal organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Its development before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The detailed morphometry of different external parameters of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The foeti of sheep were divided into three age groups <em>viz</em>. early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) with fifteen animals in each age group. The various external parameters were recorded by using digital weighing machine, graduated measuring cylinder, digital Vernier&rsquo;s calliper, non-stretchable nylon thread and graduated scale. The data recorded was statistically analysed by one way ANOVA with IBM SPSS 25.0 version software.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>It was revealed that the average width of heart at its base was 4.82&plusmn;0.22mm, 10.52&plusmn;0.72mm and 21.57&plusmn;1.03mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. The average dorso-ventral length of left ventricle of heart was measured as 4.82&plusmn;0.14mm, 12.07&plusmn;1.16mm and 25.58&plusmn;0.88mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. The average distance between the left longitudinal groove and cranial border of heart at base was measured as 2.93&plusmn;0.11mm, 6.38&plusmn;0.39mm and 9.78&plusmn;0.41mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. Similarly, the average distance between the right longitudinal groove and cranial border of heart at middle was measured as 1.96&plusmn;0.09mm, 5.01&plusmn;0.34mm and 8.31&plusmn;0.50mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. All these parameters recorded showed significant (p &le; 0.01) differences among the ages.</div>


<div>Morphometrical Studies on the Exterior of the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Under current scenario of High cost of Production of Sugarcane crop, it is need of time to decide specific seed rate for individual varieties. Sugarcane seed contributes to 10-20% of cost of production and farmers invests about Rs. 20000/- per acre on planting material. The costs of seed can be curtailed by optimizing seed rate. Similarly, seed rate varies with different varieties. In this view, a field experiment was carried out to optimize the seed rate of promising sugarcane clones.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> A field experiment was carried using randomized complete block design with factorial arrangements having three replications at Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad during 2016-17 and 2017-18.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The results revealed that maximum cane diameter was recorded for S2008-AUS-133 at seed rate of 25000 and 50000 triple budded setts/ha. However; maximum number of canes/ha were recorded for S2008-AUS-133 at seed rate of 75000 setts/ha followed by HSF-240 at 75000 setts/ha. Maximum cane yield was noted for HSF-240 at seed rate of 75000 followed by S2008-AUS-133 at seed rate of 50000 and lowest can yield was recorded in S2003-US-127 at seed rate of 25000 triple budded setts/ha. Genotypic and phenotypic variances were higher for plant height (381.63, 133.91 cm) and cane yield (406.50, 330.65 kg/plot).Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variances were moderate for number of tillers (11.6%, 15.44%) and higher for cane yield (20.24%, 22.44%). It means that variability in 4 genotypes for cane yield was higher. Thus variety S2008-AUS-133 showed better performance at seed rate 75000 while during selection, number of tillers and height should be considered for further breeding program.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Optimizing Seed Rates and Effects of Direct and Indirect Selection Indices in Sugarcane Crop</div>


<p style="text-align: justify;">Van cats are animals that often become the centre of attention due to their white hair, colourful eyes, and affectionate attitudes. However, it is nearly impossible to find research studies on the reproductive behaviours of Van cats. We conducted this study with the purpose of revealing the breeding efficiency properties and survival rates of Van cats. The study materials consisted of Van cats in the Van Cat Home of Y&uuml;z&uuml;nc&uuml; Yıl University&rsquo;s Van Cats Research Center. We determined the breeding efficiency properties using records obtained from 56 female cats over the course of four years. As a result of the study, we determined that the durations of oestrus, pregnancy, and lactation in Van cats were, respectively, 2.41&plusmn;0.09, 63.75&plusmn;0.27, and 98.45&plusmn;1.18 days. We also determined the average number of kittens per delivery and the mating per pregnancy as, respectively, 3.30&plusmn;0.19 and 13.71&plusmn;0.74. In this study, we recorded the presence of 56 delivering cats, with a total of 185 kittens, 22 of which were dead (11.89%), and an 88.11% survival rate (%). The most common delivery type was twin deliveries (30%), and the highest rate of stillbirths was 4.86% in quadruplet deliveries.</p>


<p>A retrospective examination of reproduction and survival rates of van cats</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Bull fertility is an important component of reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle. PPP1R11 is a potent candidate gene for bull fertility being involved in the pathway of spermatogenesis. Present investigation was carried out in twenty Karan Fries (KF) bull to identify SNPs of PPP1R11 gene and their association with conception rate. Genomic DNA was extracted from frozen semen straws by phenol-chloroform method. Primer pair targeted to exonic II region of PPP1R11 gene was designed using Primer 3.1 software. PCR reactions were carried out in thermal cycler after optimizing. The PCR product was checked on 1.5% horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis to verify the amplification of target region. Samples were sequenced and SNPs were identified using multiple alignment programme with respect to reference sequence and visual inspection of chromatograms. Sequencing results revealed only two SNPs [G28708846A, T28708860C] at exonic II region of PPP1R11 gene in KF bulls. Each bull was genotyped with respect to each of the two identified SNPs. Association of SNP genotype with conception rate was analyzed using least square ANOVA taking genotypes as fixed effect. The result indicated that, only one SNP [T28708860C] had significant (p&lt;0.01) effect on conception rate. The bulls with TT genotype revealed significantly (p&lt;0.01) highest conception rate (53.20&plusmn;2.96%) followed by bulls with TC (43.12&plusmn;2.39%) and the lowest in bulls with CC (34.59&plusmn; 2.28%) genotypes. The results of present finding suggested that association of SNPs with conception rate after validation on large population might be useful in marker assisted selection for selection of bull with high fertility in future.</div>

Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of PPP1R11 gene with conception rate in Karan Fries bull

<div>Respiration rates (RR) have been used as an index for the metabolic activities of Mango during ripening and senescence. A knowledge on respiration rate will be very much needed for enhanced shelf life of Mango particularly during Modified Atmosphere Storage. Hence a work was carried out to determine respiration rates of three varities of mango (Magnifera indica) viz., Malgoa, Banganapalli and Neelum stored at three different tempertautres (Ambient, 24&deg;C and 14&deg;C). Known weight of fruits were kept under air tight condition in the plastic container fitted with a silicon septum. Every day three gas samples of 5 ml volume were drawn from the chamber through silicon rubber septum using a needle and the oxygen concentration was found out using MAP analyzer. The oxygen concentration was determined for 13 days of storage at all temperatures. The respiration rates were determined using experimentally and the values were substituted in formulae method for prediction. The value of the constants were determined using non-linear regression using Sigmaplot 8.0 software. The development of the mathematical model for the prediction of Respiration Rates were found to be useful for further reference.</div>


<div>Mathematical Modeling of Respiration Rate of Mango (<em>Magnifera indica</em>)&nbsp;</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Artificial Insemination (AI) has been well established to obtain better fertility than natural mating. Semen extension and preservation play a major role in AI technique. The concentrated nature of chicken semen entails dilution of semen for easy handling and storage. With the availability of a wide range of extenders, exploring various extenders and dilution rates supplement the reproductive efficiency achieved through modern AI techniques.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>Pooled semen samples obtained from twenty White Leghorn breeder males were split equally into three portions, each for CARI poultry semen diluent, EK extender and Tselutin extender. At 1:2 dilution rate, the samples were subjected to sperm motility analysis from 0 to 96 h and AI was targeted at 0 and 24 h of semen collection. Fertility was assessed by candling of eggs collected from 2 to 8 days post insemination at 9<sup>th</sup> day of incubation. Further investigation of different dilution rates (1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 1:14, 1:16, 1:18, 1:20) on fertility of fresh semen was done using the superior diluent.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Upon analysis, sperm motility showed no significant difference among the diluents at 0 h storage while CARI poultry semen diluent showed superior motility (%) at the subsequent storage periods, followed by EK and Tselutin extender. Higher fertility (p&lt;0.05) was expressed in the diluents of CARI and EK at 0 h storage, whereas CARI poultry semen diluent showed superior fertility pattern (p&lt;0.05) followed by EK and least by Tselutin extender at 24 h semen storage. Further investigation of different dilution rates using CARI diluent, exhibited fertility (p&lt;0.05) of 90% and higher at 1:2 and 1:4 dilutions, followed by 1:6 and 1:8 at 2 to 6 days of fertile period.</div>


<div>Efficiency of Different Diluents and Dilution Rates on the Fertilization Potential of Chicken Spermatozoa</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Heart failure that is caused by various cardiac diseases like valvular disease, dilated cardiomyopathy and pericardial diseases are progressive and chronic in nature, but occur as acute form wherein the clinician has to respond quickly both in its diagnosis and treatment.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The present study that was carried out to assess the prevalence of heart failure has included 309 dogs of various breed, gender and age. Clinical evaluation was followed by electrocardiography using smart phone-based ECG, thoracic radiography and 2d-echocardiography to diagnose the various causes of heart failure.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>All of these cases were exhibiting similar manifestations like generalized weakness, poor physical activity, respiratory distress, dyspnoea at rest, cough and lack of sleep, that were suggestive of heart failure. ECG, thoracic radiography and echocardiographic evaluation revealed 146/309 cases as suffering with various cardiac diseases <em>viz.</em>, valvular diseases, dilated cardiomyopathy and pericardial diseases that resulted in heart failure. However, the remaining 163/309 dogs were diagnosed with respiratory disorders (69), renal insufficiency (57), hepatic insufficiency (26), pyometra (07) and anemia (04). The overall prevalence of heart failure was observed to be 1.55% (146) among the total dogs (9369) presented with systemic diseases, while it was 47.25% (146) among dogs (309) which were exhibiting clinical manifestations suggestive of heart failure. Similarly, the heart failure was recorded as highest prevalent among Labrador and lowest among Daschund. Dogs aged between 10-14 years are more vulnerable for these cardiac diseases when compared to various other age group individuals and males are more at risk.</div>


Pregnancy diagnosis-positive rate and conception rate as indicator of farm reproductive performance

Fitting of appropriate model to study growth rate and instability of mango production in India

Effect of Seed Rate and Seed Spacings on Yield Attributes of Chickpea

Morphometrical Studies on the Exterior of the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep

Optimizing Seed Rates and Effects of Direct and Indirect Selection Indices in Sugarcane Crop

A retrospective examination of reproduction and survival rates of van cats

Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of PPP1R11 gene with conception rate in Karan Fries bull

Mathematical Modeling of Respiration Rate of Mango (Magnifera indica)

Efficiency of Different Diluents and Dilution Rates on the Fertilization Potential of Chicken Spermatozoa

Prevalence Study (2017-2020) of Heart Failure among Dogs of Hyderabad, Telangana State