<div>Wheat seed storage proteins, mainly gliadins and glutenins are the major proteins involved in the determination of bread-making quality. In this study, the variation in the polypeptide patterns of eighty-six Indian wheat genotypes and their interrelationships was studied using gliadins and glutenins fractions by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A substantial variation was recorded in gliadin fraction in the range of polypeptides of molecular weight range 40-45, 33-37, 29-32 kDa. The glutenins showed variation in the range of mol. wt. 75-110, 40-46, 22-36 kDa. Based on the polypeptide patterns of gliadin and glutenin fractions of eighty-six wheat lines, a dendrogram was constructed, which showed the genetic relationship among the different genotypes of wheat.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Electrophoretic Evaluation of Major Seed Storage Protein Fraction, Gliadins and Glutenins of Eighty-Six Indian Wheat Genotypes</div>

Background: Gamma-and omega-gliadins are major components of gluten in wheat and can trigger allergic reactions and gluten intolerance. An increase in the number of motifs in their sequences correlates with a rise in toxic epitopes, leading to a stronger immune response. Evaluating the structural homology of gliadins across different wheat species and varieties can help identify toxic epitopes, which may be edited to neutralize their effects. This study aimed to evaluate the structural homology, evolutionary relationships and presence of toxic epitopes in various wheat species and varieties. 
 
Methods: Multiple sequence alignment using the ClustalW algorithm (BLOSUM62 matrix) in the Ugene program was used to identify structural differences between gamma- and omega-gliadins. The alignment results were evaluated based on percentage identity, scores and the presence of homologous regions. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood method with the JJT+G+F model for gamma-gliadins and the LG+G+F model for omega-gliadins, using the MEGA11 software with bootstrap support. 
 
Result: Gamma-gliadins had a high degree of similarity across different wheat species and varieties, while omega-gliadins showed more variability and were less conserved. Toxic epitopes linked to celiac disease were most commonly found in gamma-gliadins of T. aestivum and T. dicoccoides Atlit2015, with fewer in T. monococcum clone 45-L024585. The unique amino acid composition of omega-gliadins was associated with diverse toxic epitope variations. T. aestivum Chinese Spring D2 and D3 contained more toxic epitope segments related to celiac disease, whereas no presumed toxic epitopes were detected in T. monococcum DV80. The obtained data can be used for genetic editing aiming to create wheat varieties that include allergen-neutral gliadins by reducing the repetitive motifs of celiac disease epitopes.

Analysis of Structural Homology and Evolutionary Relationships among Gamma- and Omega-gliadins in Different Wheat Species and Varieties

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation that essentially affects the small intestine and is caused by food that contain gluten. This research aimed to explore the impact of interleukin 21 (IL-21) and interleukin 23 (IL-23) on development the Celiac disease in Iraqi patients. 
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Methods: Forty adults have CD were enrolled in the study with age range between 15-60 years with an average age of 36.60&plusmn; 2.03 years. The diagnosis of the disease was confirmed by serological examinations and intestinal endoscopy in Gastroenterology and Liver Teaching Hospital in the Medical City Hospital in Baghdad and a forty healthy subjects were included in this study as control group with age range between 16-59 years with an average age of 32.22&plusmn;1.97 years. The blood serum were examined for Anti tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA and IgG (IgA ant-tTG and IgG ant-tTG) and Anti-DGP IgA (IgA ant-DGP) antibodies as well as IL-21 and IL-23 by using enzyme-linked immunoassay technique ((ELISA). Also, the gene expression of IL-21 and IL-23 in peripheral blood of Iraqi CD patients was determined by using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. 
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Result: The results showed that serum levels of anti-tTG (IgA, IgG) and anti-gliadin (IgA) antibodies were significantly higher in CD patients than in control (25.13&plusmn;1.12, 19.86&plusmn;1.13, and 32.01&plusmn;2.36 vs. 12.62&plusmn;1.04, 6.83&plusmn;0.82,&nbsp; and 21.59&plusmn;1.44 U/ml, respectively; p &lt; 0.01). In addition, IL-21 and IL-23 serum level was increased in CD patients with high significant differences (490.02&plusmn;20.46 and 565.22&plusmn;22.84 vs 106.87&plusmn;4.23 and 256.03&plusmn;13.52 pg/ml; p &lt; 0.01), respectively. The results of gene expression revealed the level of IL-21 and IL-23 was increased significantly by 3.33&plusmn;0.35 and 2.83&plusmn;0.27 fold change in CD patients in comparison to control. 
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Electrophoretic Evaluation of Major Seed Storage Protein Fraction, Gliadins and Glutenins of Eighty-Six Indian Wheat Genotypes

Analysis of Structural Homology and Evolutionary Relationships among Gamma- and Omega-gliadins in Different Wheat Species and Varieties

The Impact of Interleukin-21 and 23 Serum Level and Gene Expression in Celiac Disease among Sample of Iraqi Patients