<div>Background: Long bone fracture in small animals has become a problem of concern in urban areas as well as rural areas because of road accidents. Canine long bone fracture cases presented at surgery wards of the hospital during 2017-20 were analysed for determining their incidence, occurrence and classification of fractures. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on long bone fractures in dogs presented to the surgery ward of SVVU Super Speciality Veterinary Hospital, Visakhapatnam from 2017 to 2020. Detailed history and signalment was followed by detailed physical examination to determine the site of fracture, extent of soft tissue swelling and presence of open wounds. Radiographic evaluation was done to localize the seat of fracture, to identify the type of fracture and to find out relation between the fracture fragments.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Of all the cases of dog patients presented to the surgery ward 2.02% were diagnosed to have fracture of different bones.&nbsp;Fracture of long bones (326), comprised 1.50% of total cases and 74.42% of fractures cases. The highest incidence was recorded in mongrel dogs and the most common affected bone was tibia fibula. Fall from height was reported as an etiological factor in majority of the cases and Juvenile group of animals was found more affected.</div>

Incidence, Occurrence and Classification of Long Bone Fractures in Dogs: A Retrospective Study

Background: Fractures in domestic carnivores are frequently seen in veterinary medicine in the world and are mostly due to impacts inflicted by car injury, trauma, or falls. Fracture type and pattern influence treatment choice.&nbsp; No data are available on long bone fracture in Algiers to provide young veterinarians in developing countries with information on these fractures and their practical treatment options. 
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Methods: Cases of long bone fractures were identified from files of patients presented for surgical consultation at the Surgical Department of the Higher National Veterinary School of Algiers. Characteristics, such as age, sex, circumstances and fracture classification were analysed. The type of selected treatment was also noted, as was the follow-up, when possible. 
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Result: A total number of 66 fractures was recorded. Cats were more affected than dogs representing 70.7% versus 29,3% of the animals showing limb fractures (n=58). The proportions of males and females were respectively 65.9% and 34.1% in cats and 70.6% and 29.4% in dogs. Young animals under 12 months of age represented 82,9% of cats and 64.7% of dogs. Fall from a height was the primary cause in both cats and dogs (51.2% and 58.8%). Fracture of the femur was the most common fracture (51.1% in cats and 47.4% in dogs). Femoral fractures in cats were present on the proximal bone end in over 50 percent of cases. Among these, Eighty-three percent affected the head and/or neck of the bone. Most fractures were closed. Open fractures (23.4% in cats and 5.3% in dogs) affected the lower bones.&nbsp; Animals were treated by pinning, femoral head ostectomy, casting and, amputation (on open fractures of grade II and III). Assessing clinical outcome revealed that recovery in animals having undergone intramedullary pinning or cross pinning and femoral head ostectomy was estimate good in 96,43% of cases in cats and 77.78% in dogs. 
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Long Bone Fractures in Cats and Dogs: Characteristics and Available Treatment in Algiers: A Retrospective Study of 66 Fractures

Open fractures present significant challenges to healing, with the primary objective being meticulous wound management, reduction of bacterial contamination and promotion of healthy granulation tissue. Simultaneously, achieving optimal fracture stabilization through rigid fixation is essential to create a stable environment conducive to complete and complication-free bone healing. A five-year-old male Chippiparai cross-breed dog weighing 17 kg presented with Grade IV non-weight-bearing lameness of the left forelimb following an automobile accident. Orthopaedic examination revealed Type IIIA open, mid-shaft fracture of the left radius and ulna. The wound was initially managed with Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for five days, followed by surgical stabilization using supercutaneous plating with a 3.5 mm locking compression plate. Autologous platelet-rich plasma and nanohydroxyapatite were applied to enhance bone healing. The wound healed satisfactorily and the animal achieved complete weight-bearing by day 28. On post-operative day 60, radiographic assessment demonstrated cortico-medullary union and an uneventful recovery were noticed. 
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Enhanced Fracture Repair with Supercutaneous Plating and Biological Adjuncts: A Paradigm Shift in Open Fracture Management

<div style="text-align: justify;">Soil formation is a long term process and diverse soils are formed in different localities due to various soil forming factors over the landscape. Soil classification plays critical role in various aspects of agricultural engineering. Physico-chemical parameters play an important role in soil classification. In this paper, we present a comprehensive classification model for soil texture classification by using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). We took the Physico-chemical properties of the soil, which include soil moisture, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium as independent variables, while the soil type was taken as the dependent variable. Feature selection is employed using Boruta algorithm. The performance of the proposed classification model is evaluated and expressed in terms of overall accuracy and kappa coefficient. Results show that the average prediction accuracy and kappa coefficient of the proposed model are 96.3% and 0.944 respectively, indicating that the model can be used effectively for soil classification for a set of suitable dependent variables.</div>

Machine learning model for automation of soil texture classification

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<div>Background: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of supracondylar plate for repair of distal femoral fractures in dog. The distal extremity of femur is the greatest weight bearing area, supracondylar plate is an orthopaedic plate system that is pre-contoured to the complex shape of the lateral surface of the canine distal femur. 
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Methods: The study was conducted on six dogs presented with femur fracture to the Department of Surgery and Radiology, CVSc., Hyderabad over a period of 6 months (2020-21). Diagnosis based on the clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and radiography. Three fractures in right hind limb and three in the left limb. In dogs weighing less than 10 kg (N=3) were stabilized using 2.7 mm&nbsp;supracondylar plate while in dogs weighing more than 10 kg (N=3), 3.5 mm supracondylar plates were used. Right supracondylar plates of 2.7 mm were used in one dog while left supracondylar plates of 2.7 mm were used in two dogs. Similarly, right supracondylar plates of 3.5 mm were used in two dogs and left supracondylar plate of 3.5 mm in one dog. All the three right were 8 H while two left were 8 H and one was 6 holed. All the dogs showed partial weight bearing from 1st post-operative day. Lameness grading on pre-operatively showed grade V. Post-operatively, five dogs progressed to grade I lameness on 60th post-operative day and one dog to grade III lameness by the end of 60th post-operative day and later progressed to grade I by 120th post-operative day. The mean lameness pre-operatively and on 1st day, 15th day, 30th day, 60th day post- operatively were found to be 5.00&plusmn;0.00, 4.00&plusmn;0.00, 2.00&plusmn;0.25, 1.66&plusmn;0.33, 1.3&plusmn;0.30 and 1.00&plusmn;0.00 respectively. Radiographs obtained on the 60th post-operative day revealed dense callus of reduced size; fracture line barely visible with corticomedullary remodelling. The radiographs obtained on the 90th post-operative day clearly shows complete formation of bone with distinct cortex and medulla. Primary bone healing with minimal callus formation was recorded in case 5. 
 
Result: The supracondylar plate was successfully used in the treatment of distal femur fractures in dogs. Its configuration permitted early return to function of dogs affected with distal femur fractures.</div>
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A Clinical Study on the Use of Supracondylar Plate in the Treatment of Distal Femoral Fractures in Dogs

<div>Background: Fracture repair is one of most common procedure carried out by veterinary clinicians. Fracture healing most of the time associated with delayed union, non-union and mal-uinon. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical, haemato-biochemical and radiological outcome in patients after implantation of &beta;-tricalcium phosphate as a bone graft substitute to promote the fracture healing. 
 
Methods: Eight clinical cases brought to the clinics with femur fracture were divided into two groups viz. A and B, with four animals in each group. Femur fractures were stabilized with intramedullary pinning and &beta;-TCP biomaterial and intramedullary pinning and &beta;-TCP plus autologous bone marrow aspirate (BMA) composite in group A and B respectively. The efficacy of fixation was studied on the basis of clinical evaluation, haemato-biochemical and radiographical parameters on day 0 and on 7th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th post-operative day.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Excellent weight bearing was noticed in group B. The overall functional outcome in group B was better in comparison to group A animals. Haematological parameters viz. haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count did not differ significantly within and between the groups. The biochemical parameters viz. serum calcium increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) on 7th and 15th post-operative day. A significant reduction in serum alkaline phosphatase level observed on successive post-operative days in both groups. Radiographs of fractures treated in both the groups showed good reduction and fracture fixation, early signs of fracture healing in group B than group A animals. The size of callus formation was more in group A than group B. No any graft related complications observed during the study period. The &beta;-tricalcium phosphate facilitated fracture healing and early ambulation of affected limb.</div>

<div>Evaluation of &beta;-Tricalcium Phosphate Biomaterial in Femur Fracture Repair in Dogs</div>

Background: This study aimed to present information regarding the technique and results regarding the figure-of-eight cerclage wire application in the treatment of salter-harris type I and II fractures of the distal femoral physis in cats. This study included 30 cats with femoral fractures in one extremity. 
 
Methods: The evaluated data included animal characteristics (species, age and sex), fracture characteristics (etiology, duration, salter-harris classification, preoperative and postoperative displacement), surgical information (cerclage wire diameter and duration of surgery) and outcome assessment information (functional results, radiographic results and complications). Bone healing was observed between 6-8 weeks on postoperative radiographic evaluation in all cases. Long-term outcome assessments revealed complete functional results in most animals (96.6%, n=28). The overall complication rate was 26.6% (n=8) and all complications were classified as minor. Radiographs of the affected and contralateral extremities indicated shortening in 27 cats, but this finding was not statistically significant, either clinically or radiographically, considering the functional results. Preoperative fracture displacement was 3rd&nbsp;degree in most patients (70%, n=21), in which figure-of-eight cerclage wire techniques were assessed. 
 
Result: Postoperative evaluation revealed 85% anatomical reduction or minimal malreduction. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that figure-of-eight cerclage wire application could be preferred as an alternative technique for the treatment of salter-harris type I and II fractures of the distal femoral physis in cats.

Evaluation of Figure-of-eight Cerclage Wire Technique for Distal Femoral Physis Fractures (Salter-Harris Type I and Type II) in Cats

<div>Background: Radius-ulna is the most frequently fractured bone of the pectoral limb in dogs with high predisposition to distal fractures. The smaller size of the distal fragment and open physis restrict the use of rigid fracture fixation techniques in distal fractures of growing dogs. Titanium elastic nails (TENs) are recommended in medical practice to stabilize long bone fractures in children. There is paucity of literature on TENs for the repair of radius-ulna fractures in dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This clinical study enrolled 10 dogs (7 grey hound and one each of Crossbred, Pomerenarian and Siberian Husky) suffering from distal radius-ulna (6 transverse and 4 short oblique) fractures since a mean&plusmn;SD duration of 3.40&plusmn;4.5 days. The mean&plusmn;SD age and body weight of the dogs was 12.60&plusmn;6.45 months and 14.09&plusmn;6.41 kg, respectively. All except one fracture was stabilized with two TENs inserted into the medullary canal of radial bone in a normograde manner from distal to proximal end using open cranio-lateral surgical approach.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Majority fractures achieved satisfactory reduction (n=8), radiographically. Weight bearing scores on walking increased gradually from day 12 (1.62&plusmn;1.51) to 45th (2.57&plusmn;1.51), day 60th (3.75&plusmn;0.5) and day 90 (4.0&plusmn;0). Five dogs had uneventful recovery whereas remaining had major (n=2) or minor (n=3) complications. The length of the operated bone was non-significantly lesser as compared to contralateral healthy bone on day 60. Goniometric assessment of carpal joint of operated limb showed restricted range of motion on day 12 that improved to the near normal as contralateral healthy limb on day 60. Long-term results showed full (9) and acceptable (1) functional outcome. In conclusions, the TENs technique is simple and less invasive alternative fixation technique for distal radius-ulna fractures in young and light weighing dogs. As per authors, this is the first report on the use of TENs for the management of radius-ulna fracture in dogs.&nbsp;</div>

Titanium Elastic Nails for Distal Radius-ulna Fractures in Young Dogs

<div>Background: Penile fractures are caused by the rupture of the tunica albuginea and the underlying layers of corpus cavernosum as a result of the exposure of the erect penis to blunt trauma. Although conservative treatment methods have been recommended in former studies, recent studies favor early surgical options. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a blood product rich in cytokines and several growth factors, obtained from the patient&rsquo;s own blood commonly used to stimulate healing in acute and chronic wound treatments. The efficiency of homologous PRP treatment in rats with penile fractures have been assessed in terms of clinical manifestation and histopathological findings in the present study. 
 
Methods: Thirty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups, each containing seven rats as follows: 1. Conservative group: Following the formation of penile fracture, medical interventions were not initiated on fracture area and the wound was left for secondary healing. 2. Bandage group: Following the formation of penile fracture, self-adherent elastic bandage (3M Coban) was applied to the fracture area for three days. 3. Primary repair group: Following the formation of a penile fracture, the lacerated area was repaired with 7/0 vicryl primary sutures. 4. Primary repair + Homologous Platelet Rich Plasma group: Before the operation, 10 cc of blood was taken from one rat under general anesthesia by intracardiac puncture and PRP material was prepared from this blood. Homologous PRP was topically administered on the wound in the fracture area and then the penile fracture was repaired with 7/0 vicryl as simple separate stitches. 5. Non-operative control group: Surgical procedures were not applied to this group; it was used as the control group. 
 
Result: The effect of the PRP treatments on the surgical repair options in the rats with penile fractures was investigated. The present findings revealed that following the repair with conservative treatments, the fracture format persisted and various complications like infection, oedema, excessive fibrosis and hyperemia were encountered. On the other hand, the best healing was achieved in primary repair + PRP group in terms of clinical manifestation and histopathological findings.</div>

​The Effect of Platelet Rich Plasma on Wound Healing in the Repair of Experimental Penile Fractures

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Agricultural product classification is an essential and widely working issue in the agriculture industry. There is a lot of work to be done in this area and the agriculture industry is looking for new applications. The reason is that the software and hardware Technologies are always developing, and the latest technologies giving better results parallel to these developments. Also, the costs of the new technologies are decreasing with the help of low-cost sensor and device technologies. New technique and technology usage also directly related to classification efficiency. The primary data on agriculture are agricultural products, so these technologies and techniques use for agricultural production.&nbsp; Methods: The primary data on agriculture are agricultural products, because of this reason, this research aimed to make ultrasonic sensor measurements with the help of a software which is developed in LabVIEW platform for potato classifications and showing the efficiency of the method for the potato classification, which has different sizes. Result: According to the regression coefficient results, the regression between caliper length measurement (CL) and static ultrasonic sensor length measurement (SUL) found as 95.5%, the regression between caliper length measurement (CL) and dynamic ultrasonic sensor length measurement (DUL) found as 86.9%, the regression between static ultrasonic sensor length measurement (SUL) and dynamic ultrasonic sensor length measurement (DUL) found as 87.9% for potato classification.</div>