<div style="text-align: justify;">Ninety non-insulin dependent male diabetics in the age group of 40-60 years free from serious complications of diabetes were selected from the Ludhiana Mediways Hospital under the supervision of diabetologist .Selection was based on their fasting and post prandial blood glucose level followed by blood pressure.The selected subjects were divided into three groups I, II and III, each group having thirty subjects. &nbsp;The subjects of group I was not given any supplement or intervention whereas the subjects of group II and III were given intervention in the form of 10 gm of Broccoli floret and leaf powder, to be incorporated in missi roti for a period of 3 months. Along with supplementation, nutrition counseling was also given. The nutrition education was given for 3 months during supplementation after 15 days interval to the subjects of group II and III through individual and group contact.Subjects were imparted nutrition education regarding the disease, its symptoms, causes, complications and dietary modifications using appropriate charts, health benefits of broccoli, benefits of physical exercise by individual and group contact during the feeding trails. The anthropometric measurements of the subjects were measured. Significant improvements were observed in weight only,and no significant diffrences were found in BMI, MUAC and TSFT of the subjects in Group II, and III after study. There were also a significant increase (P&lt;0.01) in the knowledge, attitude and practice score obtained by the subjects in II, and III and a non-significant increase (P&lt;0.01) was seen in knowledge, attitude and practice score of the subjects in Group I. Therefore, it can be reported from the results that nutrition education significantly improved the nutritional status of the diabetics. Nutrition counseling by the dietician plays an important role in the management of diabetes. There is a need to conduct well designed community based diabetes prevention programme to stem the rising trends of diabetes in the country.</div>

Impact of nutrition intervention on anthropometric parameters and KAP score on nutritional status of non-insulin dependent diabetics

Background: Children who are healthier and have better diets are more likely to participate in school, pay attention in class and perform better academically. Schools are the best sites to teach students about nutrition but local governments and organizations for health professionals may also play a significant role in educating parents and children about nutrition. The present study was conducted among primary school children to see the impact of complementary education on knowledge, attitude and practice regarding health and nutrition. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A total of 250 primary school children (Girls: 125 and Boys: 125) aged between 7-10 years were selected from government schools of Ludhiana city. The statistics revealed the prevalence of clinical signs and symptoms associated with nutritional deficiency illnesses in both girls and boys. The study analysed the mean Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) scores obtained by girls and boys. 
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Result: The majority of the subjects (83.2%) achieved KAP scores between 20-40 per cent, while 16.8 per cent achieved scores between 40-60 per cent. However, after implementing a nutrition education intervention, the majority (80.8%) achieved KAP scores between 60-80 per cent. Attitudes were also significantly higher for girls (87.2%), while boys (82.4%) achieved scores between 40-60 per cent. Post-intervention, the majority (87.2%) of girls and boys achieved scores between 40-60 per cent. In terms of practices, a significant majority (96.8%) of girls and 97.6 per cent of boys achieved scores between 20-40 per cent. The study found that both girls (65.4%) and boys (64.5%) exhibited more than 60 per cent increase in their knowledge scores.

Impact of Complementary Education on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Health and Nutrition among Primary School Children

This experimental study was conducted to identify the impact of web-education on knowledge gain and symbolic adoption of farmers in six village of Tamil Nadu using expost-facto research design. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) website (www.tnau.ac.in) was selected as a learning module for experiment. Totally one hundred and eighty respondents were selected for this study. The respondents were expected to have a minimum educational qualification of fifth standard and above because web-education required basic literacy for better learning. More than half of the farmers (77.78%) were not aware of any single agricultural web sites, followed by one-third of the farmers (15.00%) aware of up to two agricultural web sites. &nbsp;About (5.00%) of the farmers had awareness of 3 to 5 agricultural websites. &nbsp;Least percentage of farmers (2.22%) were found with awareness of more than five agricultural web sites. Two -third of the farmers (72.50%) had internet connection for non-agricultural usage, followed by (27.50%) of the farmers for agricultural purpose. Among the web site users, about two-fifth (77.50 %) of the farmers were found to use the website once in a week followed by (22.50%) with once in two days and none of them used it daily. The study revealed that respondents were more satisfied and eager to learn through web-education. This indicates that they were inclined towards accepting cyber extension approaches.

Awareness about agricultural web education technology at&nbsp;farmer&rsquo;s level - An experimental study

<div style="text-align: justify;">Total 40 pregnant bitches with known history of breeding; irrespective of age, parity belonging to different breeds were classified into normal gestation (NG) and threatened abortion (TA) and further divided into four groups (n=10) according to dam&rsquo;s body weight (Group I-NG, &gt;25kg BW; Group II- NG, &lt;25kg BW; Group III- TA, &gt;25kg BW and Group IV- TA&lt;25 kg BW). In impending abortion conventional treatment of antibiotics and progesterone was given for 7 days and 15/20 bitches parturited. The puppies were evaluated at birth, at 30 minutes and at 60 minutes after birth by using Apgar scoring System. The mean Apgar scores at birth, 30, 60 minutes were 7.33 &plusmn; 0.22, 9.19 &plusmn; 0.23, 10.55 &plusmn; 0.12; 6.53 &plusmn; 0.16, 9.26 &plusmn; 0.20, 10.88 &plusmn; 0.12; 6.28 &plusmn; 0.20, 7.88 &plusmn; 0.21, 9.35 &plusmn; 0.18 and 5.39 &plusmn; 0.15, 7.36 &plusmn; 0.21, 9.81 &plusmn; 0.19, respectively in group I, II, III and IV. The Apgar scores of the puppies at birth, 30 and 60 minutes were significantly higher in normal gestation than in threatened abortion irrespective of body weights. At birth 6.54, 86.27, 7.19 and 17.17, 82.83,0 per cent puppies from normal gestation and threatened abortion had low, medium and high Apgar scores, respectively. At 60 minutes, 0, 10.79, 89.21 and 0, 41.46, 58.54 per cent puppies had low, medium, high scores in normal gestation and threatened abortion, respectively.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Evaluation of Puppies by Apgar Scoring System in Normal Gestation and Threatened Abortion in Canines</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Chinese pond turtle (CPT, Mauremys reevesii) is a typical species with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Pond slider turtle (PST, Trachemys scripta) is considered one of the worst invasive species in the world. In order to analyze the adaptive evolution of fecundity traits in CPT and TSD, the rapidly evolving gene families were obtained and functional enrichment analysis was performed. At the same time, CPT and PST species-specific genes were also enriched for their fecundity traits. 
 
Methods: Orthofinder software was employed to search homologous genes based on protein sequence. CAF&Eacute; software was used to obtain the expansion and contraction gene families of CPT and PST. Then, GO terms and pathway enrichment analyses were performed using TBtools software and Swissprot database.&nbsp; 
 
Result: In CPT, 159 rapid expansion gene families GO enrichment results showed that the reproductive activities related pathways were mainly three significant enrichment process, spermatogenesis, steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway and male gamete generation. 2 rapidly contraction gene families showed that there was no significant enrichment pathway related to reproduction. The pathway of significant enrichment were RNA biosynthetic process, regulation of RNA metabolic process and regulation of cellular metabolic process. The gene families unique to the species were significantly enriched in pathways DNA replication-dependent nucleosome organization, DNA replication-dependent nucleosome assembly and negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation. In PST, 15 rapid expansion gene families GO enrichment results showed that the most significant GO terms mainly consisted of biological processes which were involved in endocrine process, regulation of endocrine process and cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus, but spermatogenesis and male gamete generation gene families also expanded. 58 rapidly contraction gene families showed that the pathways of significant enrichment were endocrine process, cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus and regulation of endocrine process. At the same time, estrogen secretion, binding of sperm to zona pellucida and sperm-egg recognition gene family also rapidly contraction. The gene families unique to the species were significantly enriched in pathways adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, double-strand break repair and regulation of potassium ion transport.</div>

Comparison of Fecundity Traits between Mauremys reevesii and Trachemys scripta based on Gene Family Analysis

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Perception is the way something is regarded/understood. It is mainly created by two factors; one is physiological and another is psychological characteristics of the human being. Thus, perception is not only physiological process that is what one sees with the eyes it is a much more complex process involving psychological process too, by which any person selectively assimilates and gives meaning to the stimuli in the environment. It is subjective process, thatis why different people perceive the same stimuli in different manner. The current study aimed to study the factors affecting perception of farm families towards farming as an occupation. 
Methods: The present study was conducted to ascertain the factors affecting perception of farm families towards farming as an occupation. The results are based on the perspective of different researchers.&nbsp; 
Result: There were six major factorsidentified namely economic, socio-cultural, physical, personal, psychological and push and pull factors affecting perception. The economic factors comprised of variables like income, cost of agricultural production and vicious cycle of debt and loan in farming and socio-cultural factors had variables like professional and social status of farming along with family influence affecting children occupational choice. Personal factors consisted of personal interest and satisfaction of farmers derived from farming while physical factors included hard work and lack of resources along with hazardous working conditions in farming. Stress prevalentamong farmers and satisfaction of farmers either with farming income or its status and risk associated with farming as a profession were studied under psychological factors. Push and pull factors comprised the reasons of farm families attracting towards urban areas for achieving better employment avenues and higher social status and prestige associated with other occupations.</div>

Factors Affecting Perception of Farm Families Towards Farming as an Occupation

Background: Timely feeding of adequate colostrum to new born calf is important to ensure transfer of passive immunity to prevent several infections. Present study has evaluated effect of time and amount of colostrum feeding on physiological parameters and health scores in Surti buffalo calves.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Based on amount and time of feeding colostrum after birth, 24 Surti buffalo calves were divided into four groups as T1 (7%; 0-4), T2 (7%; 4-8), T3 (10%; 0-4) and T4 (10%; 4-8). Physiological parameters (twice daily upto day 5) and naval, nasal, eye and faecal scores on day 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 were recorded. Lying behavior was recorded on day 2. 
 
Result: Significant (p&lt;0.05) interaction between treatment and weeks and nonsignificant effect of treatment was observed. Calves that received colostrum late had significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher faecal score as well as evening heart and respiration rate. Calves that received colostrum early had significant (p&lt;0.05) higher lying time. Normal scores of naval, nasal, eye and faecal indicated good health of calves. It was concluded that early feeding of colostrum @ 7 or 10% body weight within 4 hours after birth is beneficial for optimum health in buffalo calves.

Effect of Time and Amount of Colostrum Feeding on Physiological Parameters and Health Scores in Surti Buffalo Calves

Background: The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) represents one of the largest as well as most diverse transcription factor (TFs) families, and well-studied for critical role in stress response, growth and sustainable devel opment of the plant. 
Methods: In the current study a total of 266 bZIP genes were identified in wheat genome using BLAST algorithm against the fully annotated reference genome (International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium - IWGSC) available in Ensembl Plants 42.0 using AtbZIP11 protein from A. thaliana as a query. Coding sequence (CDS) analysis, physicochemical property analysis, homology model ling, structure validation, subcellular localization, phylogenetic analysis and expression profiling has been done to determine bZIP TFs in Triticum aestivum. Overall quality factor of protein has been studied using ERRAT, while expression profiling has been done using Wheat Expression Browser powered by expVIP. 
Result: Sequence analysis revealed that the coding sequence (CDS) length of deduced TabZIP TFs genes ranged from 422 to 3669 bp and corresponding protein length ranged from 131 to 649aa. All the 266 genes were studied for the stability of their proteins. 26 out of them were considered further to study their overall quality factor using ERRAT and thereby 13 genes were found to have an ERRAT score of more than 95 for their deduced protein, further studied for their physicochemical properties revealed a molecular weight ranging from 18035.44 to 37304.66 and isoelectric point from 6.08 to 9.42. The subcellular location of all the encoding proteins is found in nucleus. RNA-Seq based expression profiling obtained through Wheat Expression Browser powered by expVIP reveals that many of the identified TabZIP were induced by heat and drought stress. Conclusively the discovered members of bZIP gene family may provide resource for genetic improvement and promote stress tolerance efficiency in wheat.

Genome-wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Profiling of bZIP Gene Family in Wheat using Bioinformatics Approach

<div style="text-align: justify;">Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is one of the most important and primitive medicinal plants belonging to family fabaceae and is recognized as one of the most prominent seed spices. Development, identification and classification of entirely new set of SSRs are a very expensive and time consuming process for a crop like fenugreek. Instead, a novel set of SSRs can be achieved with ease in less expense by transferring the microsatellite loci of the related species in fenugreek. SSR&rsquo;s of two major crops, carrot and celery belonging to apiaceae family are available in public domain for cross-species and inter-family investigation. In the present study, we examined transferability of 100 carrot SSR loci in fenugreek of which 19% of SSR&rsquo;s amplified, where 5 primers were monomorphic. 14 SSRs were polymorphic in nature and the bands ranged between 2 to 5. GSSR-87, GSSR-92, GSSR-136 and BSSR-8 showed monomorphic bands and were specific for fenugreek genotypes and can be regarded as a dominant tool for fenugreek breeding and genetic studies. However, GSSR-81 and GSSR-96 were most polymorphic in nature and can be utilized further to distinguish fenugreek from other seed spices. The analysis, revealed optimum level of cross-species transferability (&gt;35.2%) in fenugreek, where no SSR resource is available till date, initiating cross transferability testing from the enriched SSR database of carrot.</div>

Identification and characterization of microsatellite markers in fenugreek: An inter-family amplification

<div>Background: Body condition score (BCS) system is a subjective method to assess the body fat reserves particularly over the bony prominences like back and pelvic region. It is based on evaluation of the outer appearance of the animal that interacts with its body fat reserves and therefore is directly influenced by energy balance. Studies on the relationship between BCS and postpartum performance were meager in buffaloes. Hence, the present work was carried out to study the relationship between BCS at calving and postpartum performance in Murrah buffaloes. 
 
Methods: The effect of body condition score at calving (BCSc) on the postpartum performance was studied in 24 Murrah buffaloes grouped based on BCS, maintained at Buffalo Research Station during 2018-19. 
 
Result: The study showed that buffaloes of BCSc above 3.5 with significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher body weights showed better reproductive performance compared to buffaloes of BCSc groups below 3.5 with less body weights. The prepartum and weekly postpartum changes in BCS studied showed that the buffaloes gained a BCS of 0.57 from 3 months prepartum to one week prepartum, lost 0.17 BCS due to calving, further showed a decline in BCS up to 9 weeks of postpartum and then started regaining BCS gradually until 18 weeks postpartum. The mean LBCS over the period of 18 weeks postpartum was comparatively higher (0.75&plusmn;0.05) than BCS restored in the early lactation which was shown as GBCS (0.34&plusmn;0.02). Buffaloes of BCSc group 3.5-3.99 showed the best reproduction performance among the four BCSc groups with less postpartum estrus period (46.66 days), service period (58.83 days), number of service per conception (1.50) and high rate of 1st service conception (66.66%).&nbsp;</div>