Background: Fabaceae is third largest family of angiosperms and second important family from commercial and economic point of view. The purpose of the present study was to examine the floristic analysis and species diversity of the family Fabaceae in Community Forests of South Haryana, India in view of recent classification recognised by Legume Phylogeny Working Group. Though the community forests are fragmented but still act as local mini biodiversity host spots harbouring rich plant diversity. 
 
Methods: Repeated floristic surveys were conducted in different seasons during the year 2023 and 2024. Detailed field notes were recorded and photographs were taken in the natural conditions. 
 
Result: The outcome of study revealed 61 species belonging to 34 genera, 16 tribes and 4 subfamilies from the studied area. The subfamily Papilionoideae is the most dominant, comprising 10 tribes, 21 genera and 41 species. Phaseoleae is the largest tribe with 7 genera and 9 species, followed by Mimoseae with 4 genera and 4 species. Indigofera emerged as the largest genus, comprising 8 species. The Simpson&rsquo;s index value proved that the Fabaceae family in Community Forests has high diversity. The analysis of growth form indicated that the Fabaceae family is dominated by Herbs with a proportion of 48%. Therophytes have highest number of species (44%), followed by Phenerophytes (36%), Chaemephytes (18%), Hemicrytophytes (2%). The findings of the present study will be helpful for botanists, conservationist, policy planners and local people for effective management of community forests.

Floristic Diversity of the Family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) in Community Forests of South Haryana, India

<div>Background: Species threatening is of great concern now-a-days, for Bangladesh as well as the whole world. Present research work has been carried out to make an inventory of the medicinal species of family Fabaceae, determine their status in the flora of Bangladesh and assess their probable threat.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Research was carried out at the University of Chittagong during the period 2014-2016 by the first author as part of her thesis work. Previous records of species were collected from different literatures dating back to 1814 and their place of occurrence was recorded as well. Medicinal literatures were consulted for screening of medicinal species of Fabaceae. Herbarium specimens preserved at different herbaria were examined for updating the time of their collection. Finally field trips were made to relevant localities for assessing their status in the field condition.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The present study reveals that out of 254 total species, 169 species under 61 genera have medicinal properties. In this investigation, 7 species under 7 genera were identified and documented as Critically Endangered according to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources criteria. Enumeration of these threatened taxa is provided with updated nomenclature and short annotation with data on medicinal value, recorded locality, global distribution, first and last authentic record and list of specimens available at different herbaria.</div>

<div>Investigation through Bangladesh Flora: Critically Endangered Medicinal Species of Fabaceae</div>

Background:&nbsp;Entada phaseoloides&nbsp;(L.) Merr (Fabaceae)&nbsp;is a large woody climber that is found widely in southern China and other tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. The genus Entada&nbsp;contains ~30 species, and E. phaseoloides&nbsp;is most commonly found in China. The E. phaneroneura&nbsp;and E. pervillei&nbsp;are endangered species. Previous studies had focused on medicinal components, transcriptional regulation, and nuclear genomes. The chloroplast genome of Entada&nbsp;has not been reported, and little is known about the phylogenetic relationships within the Entada. In this study, we performed short-read sequencing of E. phaseoloides&nbsp;and assembled and analyzed its chloroplast genome.

Methods:&nbsp;Dry specimen leaves of E. phaseoloides&nbsp;were subjected to DNA extraction and sequenced using the Illumina Novoseq platform. The chloroplast genome was assembled using Get Organelle, annotated using CPGAVAS2 and Geneious Prime. Repeat sequences and SSR analysis were performed using the Reputer and MISA programs, respectively.&nbsp;Phylogenetic analyses were performed using IQTREE and MrBayes software.

Result:&nbsp;The complete chloroplast genome of E. phaseoloides&nbsp;is 159,963 bp in length and has a quadripartite structure with large single copy of 89,972 bp and a small single copy of 19,309 bp separated by inverted repeats of 25,341 bp. A total of 112 genes in E. phaseoloides&nbsp;comprised 78 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA genes. The distribution of simple sequence repeats and long repeat sequences was determined. We carried out phylogenetic analysis based on homologous protein-coding genes among 21 species derived from Fabaceae. We found that the phylogeny was largely congruent with prior hypotheses about the position of E. phaseoloides&nbsp;in evolutionary branches. The E. phaseoloides&nbsp;has a closer relationship with the Piptadeniastrum africanum.

Complete Chloroplast Genome and Comparative Analysis of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae)

Prosopis cineraria is a large perennial, therapeutic and multi-use tree of the family Fabaceae. Locally, it is known as &lsquo;khejri or Kandi.&rsquo; Kandi is also called &ldquo;desert&rsquo;s king&rdquo; with homeopathic worth. The plant is rich in bioactive compounds such as heneicosanoic acid, methyl heptacosanoate, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid and methyl 2-methoxy-5-hydroxycinnamate, methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate and O-Coumaroylglycrol which are accountable for many pharmacological actions. The literature was taken from peer-reviewed scientific publications from the database i.e., google scholar using keywords Kandi, Phyto-chemistry, Prosopis cineraria, etc. This review aims at relating the description, taxonomical organization and phytochemical outlines of Prosopis cineraria. It is concluded that the Thar desert is suitable for several tropical and sub-tropical drought-tolerant plants with numerous health benefits and other uses. It is therefore suggested that proper care and utilization of such drought-prone plants should be focused to combat emerging diseases. It was detected from the research studies that khejri has huge aids due to pharmaceutical and remedial value. It is used to cure many chronic diseases without showing side effects. Different pests attack can damage the tree of which approx. 153 species are examined universally. The pests grow extreme during winter while low in summer.

Prosopis cineraria (Khejri/Kandi) Fabaceae: Phytochemical Study: A Mini Review

Background: Limited genetic variation exists within chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) owing to its narrow genetic base. Consequently, the DNA-based markers i.e. simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that show considerable polymorphism in other crops reveal limited polymorphism in chickpea. Development of saturated linkage maps, marker assisted selection and gene cloning needs larger number of polymorphic markers which necessitates development of additional SSR markers for chickpea. Microsatellite marker development is costly, requires a great research expertise and effort. The cross-genera transferability of pre-developed SSR markers is a good alternative to new SSR marker development. 
 
Methods: To generate additional SSR markers for chickpea, a total of 292 SSR markers from horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum, 94 SSRs), lentil (Lens culinaris, 66 SSRs) and pea (Pisum sativum, 132 SSRs) were evaluated for cross-transferability to chickpea using a panel of four chickpea genotypes-GPF2, ICC16349, ICC10685 and ICC15614. 
 
Result: Lentil SSR markers had highest transferability to chickpea (36.36%) followed by pea (18.18%) and horsegram (14.89%). Limited polymorphism was detected in chickpea; 10.61% by lentil markers, 4.25% by horsegram markers and 3.79% by pea markers. Overall, 62 new SSR markers were added to repository of chickpea SSRs.&nbsp;

Transferability of Simple Sequence Repeat Markers from other Members of Family Fabaceae to Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Background: The development of cowpea cultivation needs to be given priority because, in developing countries, cowpeas make up for many protein deficiencies. Producing quality seeds of this legume would be an essential objective if food security is to be achieved. This study aimed to establish the appropriate fruit load for optimum production of quality cowpea seed. 
 
Methods: To achieve this, the impact of five different fruit loads (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 pods per plant) on the yield of four cowpea varieties (KVx745-11P (V1), KVx775-33-2G (Tiligr&eacute;) (V2), Gourgou (V3) and KVx780-6 (V4)) was assessed. The seeds&rsquo; germination capacity and the seedlings&rsquo; vigor were then assessed for each of the four varieties. 
 
Result: Findings showed that seed length, width, thickness and weight changed significantly with increasing load in all varieties. The shortest time to emergence was recorded in the V1 variety for seeds from fruit loads of 20, 30, 40 and 50 pods per plant. For the ten pods per plant fruit load, the shortest emergence time was achieved with the V4 variety. The varieties V1, V2 and V4 studied produced excellent agronomic quality seeds when the pod was harvested with a load of 10 pods per plant. The fruit load significantly affected the seed quality and yield across all four varieties. Seeds from the minor C10 load for varieties V1, V2 and V4 and C20 for variety V3 exhibit high seedling vigour.

Effect of Fruit Load on Seed Quality of Cowpea Varieties [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabaceae)]

Background: In today&rsquo;s modern world, heavy metal accumulation, one of the consequences of rapid and excessive environmental pollution, is a serious threat to the health of organisms. Many diseases and disorders are linked to the excessive accumulation of heavy metals, defined as metals with a specific gravity greater than 5 g/cm3. This study aims to investigate the elemental composition of Lathyrus annuus, L. hierosolymitanus, L. hirsutus, L. undulatus and L. tuberosus species, which have potential for human consumption as food and to determine the concentrations of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cd and Cu, the last seven of which are classified heavy metals. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Plant materials were obtained from their natural distribution areas and identified according to the Flora of T&uuml;rkiye. In the chemical analyses, sample preparation was carried out using the wet digestion method in accordance with EPA Method 3015A and ICP-OES measurements were performed according to EPA Method 6010. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The highest concentrations of Ca, Mn, Cd, Zn and Cu were found in L. hirsutus, while Na and Fe were most abundant in L. hierosolymitanus, K in L. tuberosus and Mg in L. annuus. In all species, Cr and Ni amounts were found to be lower than 0.008 and 0.006 ppm, respectively. Cd and Cu levels were less than 0.005 and 0.003 ppm, respectively, in all species except L. hirsutus. Compared to other species examined in the current study and to literature data, it was found that the aerial parts of L. hirsutus contain very high amounts of Mn and Cd.

Chemical Compositions and Some Heavy Metal Contents of Five Lathyrus Species (Fabaceae) from T&uuml;rkiye

Background: Phytotherapeutic approaches are becoming increasingly important for the treatment of various diseases and disorders. Therefore, the&nbsp;identification of plants with the desired bioactivity properties is important. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the phenolic composition of Lathyrus annuus, L. hierosolymitanus and L. hirsutus and reveal the bioactivities of extracts obtained using aerial parts of these species. 
 
Methods: Twelve phenolic compounds were investigated and their amounts were determined by HPLC analysis. For the detection of the bioactivities of species, antioxidant ability tests (DPPH, ABTS, RP) and enzyme inhibition assays were carried out. Pancreatic lipase and amylase were selected as target enzymes for the inhibition assays. 
 
Result: Eight of the&nbsp;investigated twelve phenolic compounds were detected in all species. The gallic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid contents of L. hirsutus were found to be in conspicuous amounts. The ethanol extracts of L. hirsutus and L. annuus and the water extract of L. hierosolymitanus showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH, ABTS and RP assays, respectively. The lowest antioxidant property was shown by the acetone extract of L. annuus among all extracts. The acetone extract of L. hierosolymitanus and ethanol extract of L. annuus had the strongest inhibitory effects on amylase and lipase enzyme activities, respectively.

Antioxidant Properties and Enzyme Inhibitory Effects of Extracts of Three Lathyrus Species (Fabaceae) from T&uuml;rkiye

<div>Background: Vicia L. is rich in protein and can be used as a good forage, green manure, etc., but its classification is chaotic, which is not conducive to breeding and utilization. The purpose of the study is sequencing the nrDNA ITS region the chloroplast region (matK, rbcL and trnL-F) of the Vicia species of subgenus Vicilla of Vicia to resolve taxonomic contradictions. 
 
Methods: Collecting seeds from the National Herbage Germplasm Conservation Centre of China (Beijing, China) and the germplasm bank of wild species (Kunming, China). The seedlings were cultivated in greenhouse as experimental materials. The nrDNA ITS region and the chloroplast region (matK, rbcL and trnL-F) were sequenced in 17 Vicia species of subgenus Vicilla of Vicia. Maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) for all the data sets were used to estimate the individual and multilocus phylogenetic trees are used in this study and the result showed a highly-resolved phylogeny of the Vicia species.&nbsp; 
 
Result: V. amurensis, V. costata and V. tibetica belong to section Vicilla. Sections Cassubicae, Americanae, Variegatae and Lenticula were monophyletic groups. The sections Vicilla, Cracca and Amurense appeared polyphyletic. Treatment of sections Lenticula and Ervumin a separate subgenus Ervum was not supported. The research evaluated the phylogenetic position of the subgenus Vicilla species and provides a theoretical basis for the precise classification of the subgenus Vicilla and the genus Vicia.</div>

<div>Phylogenetic Relationships in Vicia Subgenus Vicilla (Fabaceae) Based on Combined Evidence from DNA Sequences</div>

<div>Background: Assessment and molecular characterization of genetic diversity among the Dolichos lablab (L.) have huge implication in scheming strategies for breeding. In India, there is less comprehensive information on the potential genetic diversity of lablab bean and this is a major challenge for systematic use of lablab bean in genetic breeding programs. To exploit the available trait of interest, the genetic diversity of the locally available genotypes must be known. The PCR-based SSR approach requires just nanogram amounts of template DNA, subjected to quick detection and less influenced by environment. In this manner SSR have been utilizing broadly to study hereditary assorted qualities of yields. 
 
Methods: In this study, genetic diversity on ten Indian Dolichos lablab (L.) genotypes were surveyed utilizing SSR markers at Department of Botany, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi during 2019-20 got from Indian gene bank. For SSR analysis, 5 primers were used for checking the diversity in Dolichos lablab (L.) and the performance of markers were measured by using 4 parameters (1) PIC, (2) Mean resolving Power, (3) Resolving Power and (4) MI.&nbsp; 
 
Result: SSR (05) markers produced a total of 51 bands, out of which 45 bands (88.23%) were polymorphic which varies from 6 (Primer-111) to 15 (Primer-AGB-9) with mean of 10.5 bands per primer. The polymorphic information content value ranges from 0.265 to 0.488 with a mean value of 0.390. The value of Matrix index is 3.2. The value of resolving power ranges from 2.2 to 12.60 with a mean value of 7.40. In the UPGMA dendogram, the 10 genotypes were separated into two main clusters with all the primers used. Our present examination uncovered that genetic markers might be effectively used for deciding hereditary variety and connections in Dolichos lablab (L.) genotypes and could be utilized as a part of breeding programs.</div>

Floristic Diversity of the Family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) in Community Forests of South Haryana, India

Investigation through Bangladesh Flora: Critically Endangered Medicinal Species of Fabaceae

Complete Chloroplast Genome and Comparative Analysis of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae)

Prosopis cineraria (Khejri/Kandi) Fabaceae: Phytochemical Study: A Mini Review

Transferability of Simple Sequence Repeat Markers from other Members of Family Fabaceae to Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Effect of Fruit Load on Seed Quality of Cowpea Varieties [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabaceae)]

Chemical Compositions and Some Heavy Metal Contents of Five Lathyrus Species (Fabaceae) from Türkiye

Antioxidant Properties and Enzyme Inhibitory Effects of Extracts of Three Lathyrus Species (Fabaceae) from Türkiye

Phylogenetic Relationships in Vicia Subgenus Vicilla (Fabaceae) Based on Combined Evidence from DNA Sequences

Simple Sequence Repeats Marker based Detection of Genetic Diversity of Indian Bean Dolichos lablab (L.) of Family Fabaceae