<div>Background: Elastic stable intramedullary nailing has become a widely accepted, standard surgical technique for the repair of long bone diaphyseal fractures in children and adolescents however, references for its use in veterinary practice are still rare.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on ten clinical cases, selected randomly irrespective of their age, sex and breeds; diagnosed with long bone diaphyseal fractures. Titanium elastic intramedullary nailing was performed in all the cases. Clinical, orthopaedic and radiographic examinations were performed pre-operatively, just after surgery and at 15th, 30th and 60th post-operative days.&nbsp; 
 
Result: There was an increase in the mean weight bearing score during standing and walking from 0th day to 60th post-operative day. Post-operative radiographic examinations revealed increase in the mean values of bone formation score and bone union scores. The nails were removed easily in all the cases on 60th post-operative day. Five cases had complications; delayed wound healing (n=1) and slight nail migration from insertion site (n=4) which were managed conservatively and by cutting the extra lengths of the migrated nails. The clinical outcome on the basis of functional limb usage was excellent in seven cases, good in two cases and fair in one case. Overall, titanium elastic stable intramedullary nailing had good efficacy with respect to weight bearing in dogs without any systemic adverse effect.</div>

Titanium Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing for the Repair of Long Bone Fractures in Dogs

<div>Background: Femur fractures are common in immature dogs. As compared to stainless steel, titanium implants are lighter and allow controlled micro-motion at the site of fracture that stimulates early callus formation by limiting stress shielding. Cited literature reports successful clinical use of titanium elastic nails for the stabilization of long bone fractures in young human patients; however, there is paucity of information on this technique is dogs. This study was planned with an objective to compare titanium elastic nails (TENS) and single end-threaded pin for the management of femoral fractures in young dogs. 
 
Methods: The study included 20 clinical cases (10 male and 10 female) of dogs suffering from distal femoral fracture with a mean&plusmn;SD age of 5.70&plusmn;5.60 month, body weight 11.09&plusmn;4.48 kg since 3.05&plusmn;2.35 days. The cases were divided into 2 groups; using TENS (n=10; group 1) and stainless steel end-threaded intramedullary pin (n=10; group 2).&nbsp; 
 
Result: Group 1 dogs demonstrated better fracture reduction score, early and uniform callus and better implant stability as compared to group 2, radiographically. Early weight bearing and minimum postoperative complications with better functional outcome including joint mobility was reported in group 1. In conclusions, TENS is superior fracture fixation technique for the repair of supracondylar or distal third femur fractures in young dogs with better functional outcome, minimal stiffness of stifle joint and early weight bearing, in comparison to single end threaded intramedullary pin.</div>

Comparison of Titanium Elastic Nailing and End-threaded Intramedullary Pinning for Distal Femoral Fractures in Young Dogs

<div>Background: Radius-ulna is the most frequently fractured bone of the pectoral limb in dogs with high predisposition to distal fractures. The smaller size of the distal fragment and open physis restrict the use of rigid fracture fixation techniques in distal fractures of growing dogs. Titanium elastic nails (TENs) are recommended in medical practice to stabilize long bone fractures in children. There is paucity of literature on TENs for the repair of radius-ulna fractures in dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This clinical study enrolled 10 dogs (7 grey hound and one each of Crossbred, Pomerenarian and Siberian Husky) suffering from distal radius-ulna (6 transverse and 4 short oblique) fractures since a mean&plusmn;SD duration of 3.40&plusmn;4.5 days. The mean&plusmn;SD age and body weight of the dogs was 12.60&plusmn;6.45 months and 14.09&plusmn;6.41 kg, respectively. All except one fracture was stabilized with two TENs inserted into the medullary canal of radial bone in a normograde manner from distal to proximal end using open cranio-lateral surgical approach.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Majority fractures achieved satisfactory reduction (n=8), radiographically. Weight bearing scores on walking increased gradually from day 12 (1.62&plusmn;1.51) to 45th (2.57&plusmn;1.51), day 60th (3.75&plusmn;0.5) and day 90 (4.0&plusmn;0). Five dogs had uneventful recovery whereas remaining had major (n=2) or minor (n=3) complications. The length of the operated bone was non-significantly lesser as compared to contralateral healthy bone on day 60. Goniometric assessment of carpal joint of operated limb showed restricted range of motion on day 12 that improved to the near normal as contralateral healthy limb on day 60. Long-term results showed full (9) and acceptable (1) functional outcome. In conclusions, the TENs technique is simple and less invasive alternative fixation technique for distal radius-ulna fractures in young and light weighing dogs. As per authors, this is the first report on the use of TENs for the management of radius-ulna fracture in dogs.&nbsp;</div>

Titanium Elastic Nails for Distal Radius-ulna Fractures in Young Dogs

Background: Femur fractures from multifactorial etiologies are a common occurrence in young and growing dogs. Various methods of internal fixation are available to repair young femur fractures but titanium elastic nails (TENs) are superior in stabilizing such fractures. Micromotion at the fracture site by these nails limits stress shielding and stimulates for early callus formation. TENs nails have been used in children but fewer studies are conducted in immature dogs in the recent years. The objective of this study was the clinical evaluation of TENs technique in femur fracture fixation among young dogs. 
 
Methods: This study included 16 clinical cases of young (&lt;2 months) dogs (12 male and 4 female) with mean &plusmn; SD age of 5.19&plusmn;2.83 month, body weight 7.46&plusmn;5.07 Kg injured since 2.93&plusmn;2.14 days and associated with vehicular accident, fall from height, hit injury with stick and unknown injury with femur fractures. TENs technique was applied in all the classes and postoperative clinical evaluation was done. 
 
Result: All the cases resulted in satisfactory functional outcome based on radiographically visible early bridging callus&nbsp; with mean radiographic fracture healing score of 2.43&plusmn;0.18, better fracture union (bone union score: 1.37&plusmn;0.24 and bone formation score: 2.25&plusmn;0.19), early weight bearing (standing: 2.43&plusmn;0.28 days, walking: 4.93&plusmn;0.39 days, pain perception score (1.62&plusmn;0.12) and ambulation with weight bearing score: 2.5&plusmn;0.12 (standing) and 3.00&plusmn;0.22 (walking), respectively on 15th&nbsp;postoperative day, in affected dogs with no major complications. Therefore, TENs technique provides an adequate repair of diaphyseal and supracondylar femur fractures in young dogs with better postoperative outcome. 
&nbsp;

Evaluation of Titanium Elastic Nails for Femoral Fractures in Young Dogs: A Clinical Study

<div>Background: Present study on determining the region of origin of raw materials, the authenticity of organic food products is relevant. The determination of the natural content of stable isotopes are not able to answer these questions. The solution can be obtained by studying the ratios and fractionation of stable isotopes, which provide information on the transformations of chemical elements in biological, ecological and geochemical studies.</div>

<div> 
Methods: During 2020-2021 obtained data on the content of magnesium isotopes in apple fruits of 14 varieties from three growing regions of the Russian Federation. Previously, over 10 years, a database was formed of more than 500 samples on the level of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen cations, depending on the variety and phase of fruit development.&nbsp;</div>

<div> 
Result: Research presents the results of determining the natural content of stable magnesium isotopes in apples, the isotopic composition and their fixation, depending on different regions of the growth of raw materials. The isotopic composition of apples (26Mg/24Mg) varies from 0.1669047 to 0.1782649; the deviation of the magnesium isotopic composition from the conventional standard varies within 25.52-43.52; their chemical fractionation has value: in Central Zone of Russia-185.2-212.3; South of Russia-248.0-311.5; North Caucasus-182.7-214.8.</div>

Isotopic Composition and Fractionation of Stable Magnesium Isotopes in Relation to Fruits Growing in Different Regions of Russia

Background: This study investigated the use of stable isotope ratio analysis to trace the geographical origins of Moroccan dairy products, as well as possible applications to other Moroccan agricultural products. Ten agro-ecological zones with different climates were selected, including the Garb, Middle Atlas, Meknes, Lukos, Agadir, Taroudant, Settat,&nbsp; andCasablanca regions. Milk samples were collected directly from cows on modern&nbsp; andtraditional farms, as well as the water they consumed. 
 
Methods: Analytical methods such as isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)&nbsp; andthe Piccaro system were used to determine stable isotope ratios in milk&nbsp; andwater samples. Chemometric methods including principal component analysis (PCA)&nbsp; andhierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that stable isotope ratios (H, C, N, O) in milk were highly correlated with environmental factors specific to the region. Three distinct groups emerged, especially for oxygen isotopes, depending on altitude&nbsp; anddistance from the ocean. The &delta;18O composition was particularly distinct, indicating regional differences: northern, low-altitude coastal areas&nbsp; andhigh-altitude inl andareas. 
 
Result: The study also showed that the isotopic composition of milk is influenced by the isotopic composition of drinking water. Nitrogen isotopes, especially &delta;15N, distinguished two groups of milk: one from an area with fertilizer use (low &delta;15N values, intensive agriculture)&nbsp; andanother from an area with moderate agricultural practices (higher &delta;15N values). These results highlight the potential of stable isotope analysis as a tool to verify the geographical origin of dairy products in Morocco.

Stable Isotope Composition in Moroccan Milk: Feed&nbsp; and Water Relationships

<div>Background: Intestine of pigs (chitterling) is one of the important edible offal with substantial yield and accounts for 1.8% of the slaughter weight. At present its utilization as direct consumption is limited only to some economically weaker section of population. Therefore the present study was undertaken to develop a shelf stable chitterling pickle recipe incorporated with fermented bamboo shoot (FBS) and lemon juice as natural acidulant.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Freshly collected intestines of pig were washed, pressure cooked, cut into 3 to 4 cm3 and deep fried. Spices and condiments were fried separately then mixed with the fried chitterlings along with FBS and lemon juice to prepare the shelf stable chitterling pickle. The pickles were studied for various parameters such as physico-chemical, microbial and sensory attributes.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Our study showed significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher pH, product yield and moisture content in the chitterling pickle added with FBS and lemon juice. Protein and fat content did not differ significantly. No adverse effects were noted on hedonic score for appearance, flavor, juiciness, texture, saltiness, sourness and overall acceptability up to 12 days of storage at ambient temperature. The overall acceptability of chitterling pickle with FBS and lemon juice was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher as compared to control. Therefore, it could be concluded that highly acceptable shelf stable pickle can be prepared from intestine of pig with substantial value addition to the by-products.</div>

Development of Shelf Stable Chitterlings Pickle Incorporated with Natural Acidulant

<div>Background: Intramedullary pinning (IMP) is the most commonly used internal skeletal fixation technique. Threaded pins (also called Schanz Screws) provide a comparatively better holding strength than non-threaded tipped intramedullary pins. The present study was planned to evaluate and compare the efficacy of positive and negative profile end threaded intramedullary pins in the management of long bone fractures in dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Eleven clients owned dog suffering from fracture of long bones were randomly divided in to two groups. Animals of group I (n=5) and group II (n=6) were treated with end threaded positive and negative profile intra medullary pin, respectively. The intramedullary pinning was done using 3 to 5.5 mm diameter pins under general anesthesia, the time taken for surgery, size of end threaded intramedullary pin used in each case was noted down. Radiographs were taken preoperatively, immediately after fixation and then at regular intervals till signs of radiographic healing were evident.&nbsp; 
 
Result: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of time taken for fixation/surgery and in healing time, with a gradual improvement in weight bearing postoperatively in both the groups. There was mild periosteal callus formation in all the cases when observed radiographically and the pins were removed after radiographic healing was evident in an anticlockwise manner using Jacob&rsquo;s chuck and key, under mild sedation. There was no complication like implant failure or pin tract sepsis or pin migration or pin breakage in any of the cases of two groups. However, passing the positive profile end threaded intramedullary pin in distal fragment is comparatively smoother and easier as compared to negative profile end threaded intra medullary pin.</div>

Evaluation of End-threaded Positive and Negative Profile Intramedullary Pins for Management of Long Bone Fractures in Dogs

<div>Background: The production of pulses recorded a negative growth rate due to stagnation in expansion of pulse growing area and very slow progress in the improvement of productivity of important pulses. Therefore, there is urgent need to increase the area under pulse crops by promoting them into new areas and seasons. Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is third most important pulse crop both in acreage and production in India and hence, identification of high yielding dual season (kharif and summer) stable blackgram genotypes is very crucial for horizontal expansion of crop, which in turn leading to increased production. The present study was thus envisaged to identify stable, high yielding dual season (kharif and summer) genotypes.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Twenty-five blackgram genotypes were evaluated at three different locations during kharif&nbsp;and summer seasons to identify high yielding, stable and suitable for dual season. The data obtained from six environments was subjected to stability analysis as per Eberhart and Russell (1966). 
 
Result: Analysis of variance for stability revealed that variance due to genotypes, environment and environment + (genotype &times; environment) were highly significant for all the characters. The genotypes viz., TRCRU-136, BDU-20, BDU-18, AKU-15 and TRCRU-22 were found early maturing with wider adaptability to unfavourable environments. While, BDU-18 and LBG-465 were found stable in expression with high mean performance across the six environments for 100-seed weight. From the present study, six promising stable genotypes viz., BDU-17, TRCRU-22, BDU-18, TRCRU-339, TRCRU-18 and IC 436778 were identified for cultivation during kharif as well as summer seasons.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Identification of Stable and High Yielding Dual Season Genotypes in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]</div>

<div>Background:&nbsp;Lentil is a major rabi pulse crop and is known for its protein rich grains. It is important to develop area-specific high yielding varieties of lentil.&nbsp; 
 
Methods:&nbsp;The present study was conducted with 24 lentil genotypes grown at three different locations of Uttarakhand for two consecutive years 2018-19 and 2019-20. The average of sum of ranks (ASR) of parametric and non-parametric measures along with yield stability index was used in present study to identify the high yielding and stable lentil genotypes.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The pooled ANOVA revealed the presence of significant differences among genotypes, environments and G &times; E interaction effects. The ASR method in combination with YSI was found to be effective in identifying high yielding as well as stable genotypes. The genotypes PL 8, IPL 315, DPL 15 and PL 7 were found as most stable and high yielding genotypes.</div>