<div><strong>Background: </strong>Prostate gland affections are considered as common cause for perineal hernia in intact male dogs. Normal prostate gland is usually less distinct, radiographically; however, when enlarged it alters the anatomical position of rectum and urinary bladder and can be distinguished for its objective assessment. Radiography fails to differentiate the parenchymal abnormalities of prostate however, ultrasonography can. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the involvement of prostate gland using radiography and ultrasonography in perineal hernia affected dogs.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Thirty-eight intact male dogs, suffering from perineal hernia and presented during the entire year of 2018, were investigated. Both radiographic (subjective and objective) and ultrasonographic modalities were applied to assess the enlargement of prostate gland. The subjective assessment parameters on radiography (n=38) included the lifting/displacement of rectum from normal position and cranial displacement of urinary bladder. The objective parameters (n=29) included the prostate length and depth measured using inbuilt calliper of computerized radiography system and ultrasonography and comparing it with 70% of the pubic brim to sacral promontory distance.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The mean prostatic length was significantly more than the prostate depth on both radiography and ultrasonography. There was a significant positive correlation between the radiographic pubic brim to sacral promontory distance and the prostate length and depth measured on both the diagnostic modalities. The subjective assessment of prostate over emphasized the prostate depth and under estimated the prostate length compared to objective measurements on radiography. There was a significant correlation between the prostate lengths measured on radiography and ultrasonography and the lengths were not significantly different on two diagnostic modalities. Objective analysis on radiography revealed the prostate length and or/depth of 54.72% perineal hernia dogs (15/29) to be more than 70% of pubic brim to sacral promontory distance. In conclusion, the prostate affections may not always be the primary aetiology in dogs suffering from perineal hernia and prior investigation of prostate is recommended as a deciding factor for whether castration should be done a few weeks prior to or simultaneously with the perineal herniorrhaphy. The increased length of the prostate is a better indicator of prostatomegaly than the depth.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Ultrasonographic and Radiographic Assessment of Prostate Gland in Perineal Hernia Dogs</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Cardiac disorders are the second most common disorders after cancer in dogs. Cardiac disorders are often fatal and/or silent killers in canines. In our country, in the majority of cardiovascular disorders, there is a frequent omission by clinician and client due to lack of awareness. However, any cardiac abnormality requires to be dealt with top priority to avoid morbidity and mortality in the dog population. The present study was aimed to know the electrocardiographic interpretations of cardiac disorders in dogs.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>For this purpose, a total of 5110 dogs presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, from November 2019 to June 2020 were screened. Among them, 137 dogs had clinical signs about cardiac disorders were subjected to thorough electrocardiographic recordings for interpretations of various cardiac conduction anomalies.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Electrocardiography revealed various types of supraventricular and ventricular abnormalities. Among supraventricular disorders maximally wandering pacemaker (30.60%) was recorded followed by atrial fibrillation (22.58%), left atrial enlargement (8.06%) and sinus arrest (4.84%) in dogs. Among ventricular abnormalities; left ventricular enlargement, right ventricular enlargement and biventricular enlargement (<em>i.e.</em> 41.67%, 37.49% and 8.33%, respectively) were commonly diagnosed.</div>


<p>Electrocardiographic Interpretations of Cardiac Disorders in Dogs</p>


<p>Spinal cord is the major nerve tract of vertebrates, extending from the brain through the vertebral canal. Primordium, the neural tube was initially with thick lateral walls having three layers: inner germinal/ependymal layer, middle mantle layer forming the gray matter and outer marginal layer forming white matter. It presented a diamond-shaped lumen with a sulcus limitans, alar, basal, roof and floor plates and limiting membranes. Gray matter of the cord occupies the central region of spinal cord and in amniotes has in cross section, the well-known &lsquo;H&rsquo; or butterfly-like shape. The white matter forms a thick peripheral zone of the cord and is divided by the gray columns into dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi. There are three coumns for the gray matter, viz. the dorsal, ventral and lateral horns, with ventral ones being wider at the enlargements of the cord. Lateral horn appears only at thoracic, anterior lumbar and middle sacral levels. The layers of gray matter were laminae I to X. Lamina I or marginal zone capped the dorsal horn. Lamina II represented substantia gelatinosa and covered the dorsal horn, beneath marginal zone. Lamina III was an area with loosely arranged larger cells, entering the substantia gelatinosa. Lamina IV was a poorly defined cell column with nucleus proprius. Lamina V was a broad zone extending across the cervix of the dorsal horn; had spinal reticular nucleus and reticular processes. The region showed small to medium-sized cells which were most numerous in the zone between the ventral part of the dorsal horn and the lateral funiculus of white matter. Lamina VI was broad with unclear boundaries, related medially to central canal. It had compact medial and less compact lateral zones. Lamina VII shows the intermediate gray matter, with intermediolateral and intermediomedial nuclei, cervical nucleus of Stilling and Clark&rsquo;s column. Lamina VIII had cells of small and medium size and was not sharply distinguished from lamina VII. Lamina IX had alpha and gamma type of neurons, which were larger at enlargements. Ventral horn had lateral and medial nuclear groups of multipolar neurons. Medial nuclear groups were seen in all regions and lateral groups only at enlargements. Medial nuclear group had dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei; whereas the smaller lateral nuclear group had dorsolateral and ventrolateral nuclei. In addition, the enlargements also had central and retrodorsolateral nuclei. Lamina X was seen around the central canal. Laminae varied in cell size and thickness between regions of the cord. Development of laminae and nuclei of spinal gray in fetuses corresponded to the progressive growth of muscles and skeleton. All the ten laminae were together present in the spinal gray matter by the end of gestation.</p>


<p>Developmental Anatomy of Gray Matter of Spinal Cord in Animals with Special Reference to Prenatal Goat: A Review</p>


<div>The present study reports pathological conditions associated with liver fluke infestation in a Purple heron (Ardea purpurea) at Wild Animals Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre, Bengaluru. Purple herons are commonly seen in the lakes around Bengaluru and feed on the fish, snails and other fauna. One Purple heron was rescued and housed at Wild Animal Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre at Bannerghatta Biological Park. After death, the Purple heron was submitted to Wild Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for necropsy and systematically examined. Faecal samples were collected and examined; where golden yellow colored eggs of Fasciola sp. were found. On gross examination, liver was found to be enlarged with whitish necrotic spots on the surface. Kidneys were pale with enlarged ureters. Histopathologically, kidney revealed diffuse degeneration of tubular structures and accumulation of uric acid crystals in the tubules. Liver showed proliferation of bile ducts along with degenerating flukes, areas of ossification, desquamation of epithelium and periductular fibrous tissue proliferation.</div>


<div>Liver Fluke Infestation in Purple Heron (<em>Ardea purpurea</em>)</div>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> Sesamoiditis causes intermittent lameness in horses and is characterized by the enlargement of vascular channels, local osteolysis, osteophyte and enthesophyte formation on radiography. This study aimed to report the relationship between the clinical and radiological findings of racehorses diagnosed with sesamoiditis, the treatment applied and long-term results.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The study included a total of 30 Arabian and Thoroughbred racehorses aged 2-7 years diagnosed with sesamoditis based on clinical and radiological examinations. These horses were treated and followed for nine months.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Radiographic examination revealed different numbers of enlarged vascular channels in the proximal sesamoid bones in all the cases and osteophytosis (n=3), enthesophytosis (n=9), osteolysis (n=3) and fractures (n=6) in some cases. In addition, low heels were important in 27 cases. The body conformation and low-heeled hoof structure play a role in the development of sesamoiditis in horses and should be considered. As a result, body structure and low heel structure play a role in the development of sesamoiditis in horses and should be considered. This situation should be tried to be corrected by farriers during the foaling period. Sesamoiditis can have a positive prognosis with appropriate treatment and adequate rest, for this reason, treatment should be started in the early period.</p>


<div>Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Racehorses with Sesamoiditis: Case Series</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Lymphoma is considered to be the most common hematopoietic tumor in dogs (83%) having an overall cure rate of less than five percent. Although many chemotherapy protocols have been suggested, doxorubicin based combination protocols are widely associated with long disease free interval and improved duration of survival. Six dogs presented to Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital with clinical signs suggestive of lymphoma were taken up for this study.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The dogs were subjected to detailed clinical examination and dermatological examination. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) samples were taken from the lymph nodes in cases of multicentric lymphoma and from cutaneous nodules in cases of cutaneous lymphoma. Tru-cut biopsy and impression smears were collected from the cutaneous nodules. The FNAC and impression smears revealed pleomorphic lymphocytes suggestive of lymphoma. Ultrasonographic examination of all dog revealed the enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes and spotted appearance of spleen. Treatment with multi-agent chemotherapeutic protocol (University of Wisconsin - Madison, Lymphoma CHOP - 19 protocol) was initiated after confirmative diagnosis.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>Remissions in clinical signs were noticed within a week of therapy and no evidence of peripheral lymph node enlargement could be appreciated after three weeks of therapy. The diagnostic and management plans were presented and discussed.</div>


<p>​Successful Medical Management of Lymphoma in Six Dogs</p>


<div>Palmyrah (<em>Borassus flabellifer</em> L.) is a slow growing, dioecious, drought resistant palm and considered to be native of Tropical Africa. It is cultivated as well as found growing in wild in the Indian subcontinent. It is distributed in India, Burma, Africa and Sri Lanka. Several problems are encountered in germination of seeds in palmyrah such as poor, protracted germination and prolonged nursery period. The main reasons for the failure of seeds to germinate in suitable conditions are either dead or dormant. The delayed germination of palmyrah might be due to the stony endocarp acting as a physical barrier to imbibition or imposing mechanical resistance to embryo enlargement. Against this backdrop, this review focuses on seed dormancy, pre-sowing seed treatment, nursery technology, and seed storage behaviour of palmyrah.Palmyrah (<em>Borassus flabellifer</em> L.) is a slow growing, dioecious, drought resistant palm and considered to be native of Tropical Africa. It is cultivated as well as found growing in wild in the Indian subcontinent. It is distributed in India, Burma, Africa and Sri Lanka. Several problems are encountered in germination of seeds in palmyrah such as poor, protracted germination and prolonged nursery period. The main reasons for the failure of seeds to germinate in suitable conditions are either dead or dormant. The delayed germination of palmyrah might be due to the stony endocarp acting as a physical barrier to imbibition or imposing mechanical resistance to embryo enlargement. Against this backdrop, this review focuses on seed dormancy, pre-sowing seed treatment, nursery technology, and seed storage behaviour of palmyrah.</div>


<p>Seed Dormancy and Germination Behaviour of Palmyrah: A Review</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Congenital anomalies in dogs are the defects present at birth and often lead to perinatal death if it involves any vital organ or system like cardiovascular system. Some dogs may remain asymptomatic or may have non cardiac manifestations and hence, undetected until later in life, so the percentage of dogs with congenital heart diseases that survive to adulthood can be rather high. Atrial septal defect (ASD) is an unusual congenital heart disease in dogs that is characterized by communication between the two atria due to a defect in the interatrial septum.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>A thorough clinical examination followed by physical examination, thoracic radiography and 2d-echocardiography was performed to determine the septal defect. Doppler evaluation of ASD dogs was carried out to confirm the blood flow direction through the septal defect, which was managed medically.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> In the present study, ASD (secundum type) was diagnosed in 7 dogs (7.5%) aged between 2y-6y. Boxer, German shepherd, Cocker spaniel, Daschund and Pomeranian were the breeds affected. Soft systolic murmur on left heart base and pulmonic valve area, low intensity heart sounds, distended jugular vein, jugular pulse and ascites were the significant findings on physical examination.&nbsp; Though few dogs (21%) were asymptomatic, exercise intolerance, dyspnoea, general weakness, cough and syncope were the presenting signs among other cases. Enlarged right heart, pleural effusion and pulmonary overcirculation were radiographic findings. 2d-echocardiographic evaluation determined the presence of the defect as a loss of echogenicity at the interatrial septum and presence of interatrial communication of varied size, enlargement of main pulmonary artery and thick atrio-ventricular valves but with normal left atrium:aorta base ratio, increased fractional shortening, systolic function and paradoxal septal motion. The colour flow Doppler study demonstrated a continuous flow with left-to-right shunt.</div>


<p>​Atrial Septal Defect (Secundum Type) in Dogs- A Study for 15 Years</p>


<div style="text-align:justify">In recent years, betalain-containing fruits and vegetables have gained increased importance in research and food industry. The extracted betalains are safe to consume and are considered as health promoting molecules. <em>In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> studies highlighted the antioxidant and the biological activities of these pigments. However, the bioavailability of betalains, their ability to protect/treat oxidative stress related diseases and their health promoting properties were investigated using mainly rodents and human models. To enlarge the sphere of application of these pigments, research trials should be extended to farm animals. This paper details the bioavailabilty and the <em>in vivo</em> radical scavenging activity of these molecules and proposes their use as natural animal feed additives for future debate.</div>


<p class="ql-align-justify">Betalains in Animal Nutrition and Health: Importance as Animal Feed Supplements- A Review</p>

<p style="text-align: justify;">The present paper reports a case of pulmonary mucormycosis in a 19 wk layer bird that was presented for necropsy to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram. <em>Mycotic pneumonia</em> in poultry is commonly due to <em>Aspergillus </em>spp and due to others like <em>Mucor</em> spp is very rare. On postmortem examination, the lungs were enlarged, consolidated with multiple greyish white nodules. Histologically, the lung sections revealed pyogranulomatous lesions with branched aseptate hyphae in center of necrosed area that was surrounded by heterophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and multi nucleated giant cells. These fungal hyphae were broad and a few showing right angle and/or irregular branching characteristic of <em>Zygomyces </em>spp. with periodic acid Schiffs reagent&nbsp;</p>


Ultrasonographic and Radiographic Assessment of Prostate Gland in Perineal Hernia Dogs

Electrocardiographic Interpretations of Cardiac Disorders in Dogs

Developmental Anatomy of Gray Matter of Spinal Cord in Animals with Special Reference to Prenatal Goat: A Review

Liver Fluke Infestation in Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea)

Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Racehorses with Sesamoiditis: Case Series

Successful Medical Management of Lymphoma in Six Dogs

Seed Dormancy and Germination Behaviour of Palmyrah: A Review

Atrial Septal Defect (Secundum Type) in Dogs- A Study for 15 Years

Betalains in Animal Nutrition and Health: Importance as Animal Feed Supplements- A Review

Pulmonary Mucormycosis in Layer Birds: A Case Report