<div style="text-align: justify;">In India, oat is grown as fodder crop during <em>Rabi </em>season in north-western and central parts of the country and is now even extending to eastern region as well. The only commercially cultivated species in the genus <em>Avena </em>are <em>Avena sativa, Avena nuda </em>and<em> Avena byzantine</em>. Oat flowers are bit delicate when compared to other cereal floral structure and seed set is influenced by many factors during artificial hybridisation. This paper includes about floral biology of oat crop and also the various factors responsible for seed set during hybridisation <em>viz</em> effect of Interval Between Emasculation and Pollination, effect of temperature for seed set and any Injury to floral Parts during hybridisation.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Oat Floral Biology and Factors Affecting Seed Set</div>

<div><strong>Background: </strong>Oat is mostly neglected crop for hybrid development due to its floral structure which results in high damage rate during hybridisation. Due to the cumbersome in acquiring a sufficient number of hybrids and subsequent backcrosses are difficult that lead to lack of much inheritance studies in Oats.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>The procedure for crossing used was almost identical to that used by oat breeders which was conducted for 2 years <em>viz</em>., 2019-20 and 2020-21 at Forage Station, Punjab Agriculrural University, Ludhiana.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The experiment was conducted to know the seed set percent in oat cultivars. Since the oat flower is fragile compared other cereals and it is easily harmed during the emasculation and pollination process. The seed set percent observed was only 12 and 10 percent in the year 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively.</div>


<p>Hybridization and Factors Influencing Seed Set in Oat</p>


<div>Hybrid seed production technology requires cross pollination between parents of choice. Several physical and chemical techniques including manual or mechanical emasculation and male gametocide chemicals have been introduced each with respective disadvantages. Easy and quick technique such as environment sensitive male sterility is effected by environmental irregularities. Identification of commercial use of genetic means of male sterility systems like GMS and CGMS have brought revolutionary benefits to hybrid seed industry in many crops to feed an ever increasing human population. However, these strategies are complicated, laborious and require more cropping area for parental increase and maintenance including employment of sophisticated backcross breeding for line conversion and search for suitable restorers. The biotechnological methods (BMS) simplified the strategies each in its own approach, though having certain disadvantages too as for example, dual component Barnase/Barstar and Cystein protease/Cystatin approach needed herbicidal spray. The next generation hybrid breeding systems were developed utilising GMS system under nuclear control avoiding search for suitable restorers and cytoplasm-nuclear interactions. The era of genomics assisted breeding has facilitated well characterised study of several crop genes including male fertility genes which is a never ending approach. In combination with transgenic and genome editing approaches, the next generation hybrid breeding systems such as &ldquo;Seed Production Technology&rdquo; (SPT), &ldquo;Multi Control Sterility&rdquo; (MCS) and &ldquo;MGM-Maintainer approach&rdquo; have provided easy and well defined mode of utilising male sterility for hybrid seed production bypassing all the complications of traditional techniques.</div>


Oat Floral Biology and Factors Affecting Seed Set

Hybridization and Factors Influencing Seed Set in Oat

Next Generation Hybrid Seed Production Methods-Superior and Beneficial Biotechnological Approaches: A Review