Background: Coccidiosis is one of the most common diseases that hinder the raising of rabbits. The disease causes symptoms such as diarrhea and loss of appetite. Acute infection causes bloody feces and negatively affects fertility. Diarrhea may be bloody due to the intestinal epithelium withering off as many oocysts and merozoites burst out of the cells. This leads to the deaths of rabbits resulting in huge economic losses for commercial rabbit systems. 
 
Methods: The study aims to determine the optimal effective concentration of bile collected from healthy sheep gall bladder inhibiting in vitro sporulation and viability of E. magna and E. exigua oocysts and sporozoites isolated from rabbit intestine. Un-sporulated oocysts were exposed (1&times;102) to six treatments: 2.5% potassium dichromate solution as the non-treated control, four concentrations of bile (12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100%) and Toltrazuril 25 mg/ml as traditional medicine for anti-oocyst activities. In addition, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/mL concentrations of bile were evaluated for effect on sporozoite viability. The oocysts were examined after 25, 50, 75 and 100 hours and sporozoites after 12 and 24 hours of treatment. 
 
Result: GC-Mass analysis showed that sheep bile contains 12 biologically active compounds. In addition, quantitative analysis revealed total phenols (50.65&plusmn;0.5) and total flavonoids (9.39&plusmn;0.4). After 100 hours of exposure, sheep bile was able to prevent sporulation of E. magna and E. exigua oocysts at 100% and 50% concentrations and the rate of inhibition was about 96% and 79%, respectively. Additionally, bile exhibited the least discouraging of 11% at a dose of 125 mg/mL and the highest suppression of 95% of E. magna and E. exigua sporozoites viable at 1000 mg/ml. Generally, the inhibition rate typically increased with longer incubation times and greater doses. Findings have scientifically validated the use of bile in fighting against coccidiosis. Additional studies are required to separate the active compounds found in bile and their mechanisms of action and potential applications in rabbit farms.

In vitro Studies on Anticoccidial Effects of Healthy Sheep Bile against Eimeria magna and Eimeria exigua Oocysts and Sporozoites Isolated from Domestic Rabbits

Background: Coccidiosis is a serious parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, presents an important risk to rabbits&rsquo; health and production. 
 
Methods: Potential bioactive compounds in the extract were identified by FT-IR analysis and the total content of phenolics, tannins and flavonoids was calculated. In addition, enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant effects were investigated. 
 
Result: The phytochemical results of methanolic extract of the leaves of R. nervosus showed the presence of 14 compounds of active chemical constituents. In addition, the results showed that the methanolic extract had the amount of TPC (54.33&plusmn;0.198 mg/g DW), TFC (21.51&plusmn;0.155 mg/g DW) and TTC (29.37&plusmn;1.43 mg/g DW). The sporulation inhibition rate between 72- and 96-hour exposures, as the rate rose significantly with an increasing incubation period (p&lt;0.05). The extract has inhibitory abilities on tested enzymes &aacute;-amylase and-glucosidase.

Effect of Rumex nervosus Leaf Extract on Eimeria exigua

Background: The epidemiology of parasitic infections is common in rabbit flocks and poses a significant threat to public health. And the most famous and influential of these causes are coccidia parasites, Coccidiosis in rabbits is an infection caused by intracellular protozoan parasites belonging to Eimeria, which is considered a major cause of significant morbidity and mortality. 
 
Methods: A total of 210 fresh feces samples of adult domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were collected from Riyadh City, Al Kharj and ADilam in Saudi Arabia to examine the incidence of the Eimeria infection of microscopically. Feces concentrated by the floatation technique. After that, freshly collected non-sporulated oocysts were suspended in 2.5% (W/V) potassium dichromate, placed in Petri dishes in the air, and allowed to sporulate at room temperature (25&plusmn;3oC). The morphometric and specific characteristics of sporulated oocysts were studied by an Olympus microscope (BX51ggTF, OLYMPUS, Tokyo, Japan) using the oil immersion lens. Specimens were taken from all parts intestine and liver, and the tissues were kept in 10% formalin immediately and make tissue sections and that to study the histopathological change under light microscopic. 
 
Result: An investigation was conducted in three cities in the Riyadh area (Riyadh, Al Kharj and Adilam) to determine the incidence of Eimeria species that parasitize local rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The overall frequency of these coccidial illnesses in rabbits in Riyadh City was 45.7%, in Adilam City it was 44.2% and in Al Kharj City it was 37.1%, respectively. There were five different species of Eimeria: E. magna, E. flavescens, E. exigua, E. striedae and E. coecicola, respectively. More than one species of Eimeria oocyst was obtained in the same examined sample. single-infection 13/90 (14.4%), dual-infection 39/90 (43.3%) and triple-infection 38/90 (42.2%). E. magna; E. flavescens; E. exigua; E. stiedae and E. coecicola, respectively. Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) in prevalence were observed between the rabbits. Eimeria infection that affects the liver was confirmed by histopathological changes that were noted through the development of parasitic stages in the jejunum, ileum, cecum, end cecum and liver. It is possible to conclude that the current research offers pertinent information that aids in determining potential infection and future preventative measures against rabbit coccidiosis to lessen financial losses in the rabbit industry.

A Comparison in Terms of Prevalence, Morphological and Histopathological Changes between Eimeria spp. that Infect Local Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Some Regions of Saudi Arabia

<div>Background: Coccidiosis is one of the most dangerous diseases infecting Japanese quails. This work was conducted to study the efficacy of immunization of Japanese quail against the challenge with different Eimeria species causing coccidiosis and to optimize the dose of live sporulated oocysts that give immunity without adverse effects. 
 
Methods: Dropping samples were collected from different Japanese quail pens of the Central Poultry Development Organization, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Isolation, identification, single oocyst isolation and propagation were done for each species. On the 2nd day of age, Japanese quails were divided into 10 groups and orally inoculated with low doses, 100 and 1000 live sporulated oocysts, of each isolated Eimeria species separately. Four weeks post-immunization, the quails were challenged with a high dose of the respective species. Immunization efficacy was assessed regarding clinical signs, mortality rate, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, oocysts output, lesion scores and hematological parameters. 
 
Result: All collected samples were Eimeria positive. Three Eimeria species were isolated and identified as E. bateri, E. uzura and E. tsunodai. Experimental results revealed that the immunized quails, either by 100 or 1000 oocysts of any isolated species, showed better results compared to the challenged, non-immunized controls. The 100-oocysts dose gave better results than those of 1000-oocysts dose without significant differences. These results indicated the effectiveness of immunization as an important tool in the management of Japanese quail coccidiosis.</div>

Efficacy of Immunization of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Against the Challenge with Different Eimeria Species

Background: Between 2021-2023, the harmfulness of Helicoverpa armigera (H&uuml;bner)&nbsp; and Spodoptera exigua (H&uuml;bner) on different varieties of pepper was studied in the pepper fields of Khoronk community. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Studies on the harmfulness of H. armigera (H&uuml;bner) and S. exigua (H&uuml;bner) were carried out in 2021-2023 in the pepper fields of Khoronk community of Armavir marz. Experiments were carried out on the main 7 varieties cultivated in the community, to the methodology adopted in entomology. 
&nbsp; 
Result: As a result of studies, it was revealed that both pests damage plants in the larval stage. They feed on the vegetative and generative organs of the plant. Young larvae of S. exigua (H&uuml;bner) feed on newly opened leaves, enter into the leaves, cover them with a web and feed inside it. They then come out and spread over the plant and feed on leaves of different heights, as a result of which&nbsp; scratches of irregular shape and size occur on the leaves. Most mature larvae enter the fruit, feed on the seeds, because of which the fruit rot. Larvae&nbsp; of H. armigera (H&uuml;bner) initially feed on flowers and flower buds, and after some time they move on to leaves. Larvae feed on the upper and epidermis of the leaf, leaving the lower unharmed. As a result of the damage, the dries up, falls off, and the leaves look porous. Mature larvae mostly damage the fruit. Larvae enter the fruit from anywhere in the fruit, opening deep holes. They feed on seeds in the fruit. Damaged fruits begin to ripen prematurely, various harmful pathogens penetrate from the damaged areas, as a result of which the fruits rot. According to the results of studies carried out on 7 different varieties of pepper during the period of intensive development of H. armigera (H&uuml;bner) and S. exigua (H&uuml;bner), the most significant damage by pests was recorded in Hayk variety, and the least in Arevaham variety. 
&nbsp;

Pests of Helicoverpa armigera (H&uuml;bner) and Spodoptera exigua (H&uuml;bner) in Pepper Fields in Armenia

Background: The epidemiology of parasitic infestations in sheep breeds is an important topic in meat production and human health. Protozoan parasites from the genus Eimeria cause coccidiosis. Coccidiosis ranks among the most perilous illnesses affecting sheep and other animals causing economic losses globally. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted to identify and study species of Eimeria in Ovis aries, in Riyadh City, Kingdom of Saud Arabia, from 1/1/2024 to 30/5/2024. A total of 1000 fecal samples of Ovis aries with different ages and genders were collected from Sheep markets and slaughterhouses in Riyadh city and employed morphological characteristics to accurately identify Eimeria spp. 
 
Result: The results showed 5 species of Eimeria that infect sheep: E. faurei (length 30&plusmn;0.5 &micro;m; width 22&plusmn;0.12 &micro;m), E. intricata (length 45&plusmn;0.83 &micro;m; width 34&plusmn;0.37 &micro;m), E. parva (length 17&plusmn;0.56 &micro;m; width 16&plusmn;0.75 &micro;m), E. granulosa (length 30&plusmn;0.18 &micro;m; width 20&plusmn;0.31 &micro;m) and E. pallida (length 17&plusmn;0.50 &micro;m; width 13&plusmn;0.50 &micro;m). Moreover, the results showed that the infection rate was 35.6%. Summer recorded the highest percentage at 46.8%, while winter recorded the lowest at 26.4%. The species, E. pallida recorded the highest infection rate of 7.70%, while the species E. intricata represented the lowest infection rate of 0.30%. The current study provides relevant information to assess potential infections and future defenses against sheep coccidiosis, thereby minimizing financial losses for Saudi Arabia&rsquo;s sheep industry.

Morphological Characterization of Eimeria spp. Infecting Imported Sawakni Sheep Linnaeus, 1758 (Ovis aries) in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

Background: Coccidiosis is considered one of the most serious diseases affecting rabbits and various other animal species, leading to substantial economic losses worldwide. Plant-derived extracts have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional chemotherapeutic agents, particularly in light of increasing drug resistance, as well as their advantage of not causing harmful tissue residues. 
 
Methods: This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Vitis vinifera leaf extract (VVLE) against Eimeria stiedae in rabbits. The extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis by GC-MS, revealing the existence of 34 biologically active compounds. A total of 35 male New Zealand rabbits were divided into seven groups. Group 1 served as the uninfected, untreated (negative control) group. Group 2 uninfected and treated at 400 mg/kg of extract to test for toxicity. Group 3 represented the infected, non-treated (positive control) group. While, groups 4, 5 and 6 comprised infected treated with at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of extracts, respectively. Finally, group 7 consisted of infected rabbits treated with Toltrazuril at a dosage of 5 mg/kg. 
 
Result: The findings indicate that 400 mg/kg concentration of VVLE has a significant protective effect against Eimeria stiedae. It relieves clinical symptoms, reduces oocyst production, improves biochemical parameters and decreases the level of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) in the liver of Eimeria stiedae-infected rabbits. This refers to the effectiveness of Vitis vinifera leaf extracts (VVLE) against coccidiosis. Further investigations are needed to identify the pharmacological ingredients responsible for these effects and their potential as a natural alternative for coccidia prevention in animal feed.

Efficacy of Vitis vinifera Leaves Extracts against Eimeria stiedae Infections in New Zealand Rabbit

Background: Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species, significantly impacts the poultry industry. Resistance to residues of conventional anticoccidials have emerged. Novel efforts are needed to address the limitations of current treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticoccidial activity of chestnut bur tannic acid extracts (CTE) in Eimeria tenella-infected chickens. 
 
Methods: 105 one-day-old Lifeng broiler chickens were randomly categorized into 5 groups (n = 21) and each group included 3 replicates (n = 7 per replicate). The groups were as follows: CON (uninfected-unmedicated), ET (infected-unmedicated), DIC (infected-medicated with 1 mg/L diclazuril), CTE-5 (infected-medicated with 5 mg/L CTE), CTE-10 (infected-medicated with 10 mg/L CTE). Clinical signs, survival rate, oocyst output, body weight gain and lesion scores were documented. The anticoccidial activity of CTE was assessed by anticoccidial index (ACI), antioxidant parameters and histopathologic examination of the cecum. 
 
Result: The results demonstrated that 5mg/L CTE addition in drinking water of E. tenella-infected broiler chickens improved growth and survival rate, decreased oocyst production and cecal lesion scores, with the corresponding ACI of 163.70. Additionally, the use of CTE alleviated the pathological changes in the cecum. Moreover, CTE counteracted the E. tenella-induced loss of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and controlled the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA), exhibiting the antioxidant function. Based on our results, CTE may be a promising candidate as anticoccidial agent.

Chestnut Bur Tannins: A Novel Approach to Eimeria tenella Control

<div>To explore the effect of Eimeria tenella infection on the cytokines gene expression and IgA production in the spleen of chickens, the morphological characteristics of the spleen were observed through optical and transmission electron microscopy. The IgA production was determined through immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression levels of splenic cytokines were detected through real-time PCR. Compared to the control group, along with the infection of E. tenella, the splenic lymphocytes exhibited irregular and cracked membranes, mitochondria swelled even vacuolization, the IgA expression in spleen tissue was decreased by 55.57% (p&lt;0.01). Likewise, the mRNA expression levels of IL-2 and IL-1&beta; decreased by 40% (p&lt;0.01) and 43% (p&lt;0.05), respectively. By contrast, the IL-6, IFN-&gamma; and IL-10 levels increased by 158% (p&lt;0.01), 464% (p&lt;0.05) and 379% (p&lt;0.01), respectively. These results indicated that the spleen implement an important function in the antagonism of E. tenella, which suggest a new strategy to control coccidiosis by improving the peripheral immunity of chickens.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Cytokine Gene Expression and IgA Production in the Spleen of Chickens Infected with Eimeria tenella</div>

<div>Background: Coccidiosis is still a serious parasite illness caused by Eimeria pps in many areas throughout the globe. As a consequence of eimeria medication resistance. Coccidiosis needs new drugs that contain natural antiparasitic chemical compounds. This study was conducted to investigate the in vivo anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis pocera leaf extract (CPLE) against infection of mice with Eimeria papillate.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The first and second mouse groups were not infected, while the third, fourth, fifth and sixth were given 1x103&nbsp;E. papillate sporulated oocysts. The fourth and fifth groups received 100 and 200 mg/kg CPLE orally and the sixth received toltrazuril 25 mg/kg in physiological saline. On day 5 p.i., animals were slaughtered and jejunum samples were prepared.&nbsp; 
 
Result: CPLE phytochemistry revealed 13 chemical compounds. 200 mg/kg was the most efficacious dose, reducing oocyst discharge in mouse faces by 68% and parasite stages in jejunal sections. Infection by E. papillata in mice causes inflammation, epithelial vacuolation, villi loss and a decrease in goblet cell density. When infected mice were given CPLE, histological damage was reduced by 69% and goblet cell number was restored to near-control levels. The infected group lost weight owing to emesis. However, the treated group CPLE gained weight.&nbsp;</div>

In vivo Anticoccidial Efficacy of Calotropis procera Leaf Extract as an Alternative Treatment Against Eimeria papillate Infection in Mice