Background: The Liver is a well vascularized organ. Any pathology can impede its blood flow and this makes liver the most suitable organ for studying the Doppler indices and contrast enhanced perfusion parameters.

Methods: This clinical study enrolled 9 healthy dogs including 2 breeds each of beagle, German shepherd, Labrador Retriever, and one breed each of Crossbred, Pug and Pit bull. Spectral Doppler sonography and contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) of liver vasculature using a second generation contrast agent (Sonovue) was performed to standardize their normal pulsed-wave Doppler indices and contrast enhanced perfusion parameters.

Result: The mean &plusmn; SE values of Doppler indices of portal vein were PSV (27.68 &plusmn; 2.08 cm/s), EDV (15.32 &plusmn; 1.74 cm/s), MV (14.05 &plusmn; 1.94 cm/s), RI (0.44 &plusmn; 0.05) and PI (0.93 &plusmn; 0.11). Mean &plusmn; SE value of Doppler indices of hepatic artery were&nbsp; 53.78 &plusmn; 3.45 cm/s (PSV), 13.90 &plusmn; 1.82 cm/s (EDV), 21.63 &plusmn; 1.21 cm/s (MV), 0.73 &plusmn; 0.04 (RI), 1.93 &plusmn; 0.28 (PI) and for hepatic vein were 38.62 &plusmn; 4.62 cm/s (PSV), 11.92 &plusmn; 2.79 cm/s (EDV), 17.72 &plusmn; 2.95 cm/s (MV), 0.69 &plusmn; 0.06 (RI), 1.69 &plusmn; 0.23 (PI). CEUS of hepatic parenchyma showed three phases viz arterial, portal and late portal phase. Mean &plusmn; SE values of contrast enhanced hepatic perfusion parameters (in seconds) were 7.22 &plusmn;0.40 (Arrival time), 16.33 &plusmn;1.38 (Time to initial peak), 30.22 &plusmn;1.29 (Time to final peak), 54.55 &plusmn;2.93 (Decline time) and 160.78&plusmn;8.60 (Washout time).

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Quantification of Doppler Indices, Contrast Ultrasound Enhancement Phases and Perfusion Parameters of Hepatic Parenchyma in Healthy Dogs

Background: The spleen can be affected by a variety of vascular problems. Affected tissue neovascularization in these conditions can be effectively analysed using imaging modalities such as Doppler and contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). 
 
Methods: Nine healthy dogs were included in this clinical study comprising two breeds of Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Beagles and one breed each of Crossbred, Pug, and Pitbulls. Pulsed-wave Doppler indices and contrast-enhanced perfusion parameters of the splenic vasculature were obtained by performing spectral Doppler sonography and CEUS using a second-generation ultrasound contrast agent (Sonovue). 
 
Result: The mean &plusmn; SE value of splenic vein&rsquo;s Doppler indices were 10.94&plusmn;2.04 cm/s (PSV), 6.92&plusmn;1.28 cm/s (EDV), 6.44&plusmn;1.57 cm/s (MV), 0.35&plusmn;0.05 (RI) and 0.75&plusmn;0.17 (PI), while the indices of splenic artery were 31.21&plusmn;3.12 cm/s (PSV), 8.95&plusmn;1.63 cm/s (EDV), 13.98&plusmn;1.95 cm/s (MV), 0.71&plusmn;0.04 (RI), 1.75&plusmn; 0.24 (PI). Arterial and venous phases were visible on a CEUS of the splenic parenchyma. The mean &plusmn; SE value of the contrast enhanced splenic perfusion parameters (measured in seconds) were as follows: arrival time = 7.00 &plusmn; 0.33; time to initial peak = 15.05 &plusmn; 0.46; time to final peak = 28.92&plusmn;1.06; decline time = 97.89&plusmn;2.82; washout time = 152.22&plusmn; 9.10.

Quantification of Doppler Indices, Contrast Ultrasound Enhancement Phases and Perfusion Parameters of Splenic Parenchyma in Healthy Dogs

Background: Limiting phosphorus (P) availability severely reduces chickpea productivity by impairing P uptake, thereby stunting plant growth. Since root system architecture (RSA) drives P uptake efficiency yet remains insufficiently characterized in chickpea, decoding RSA plasticity under P limited conditions is crucial to uncover target traits. This understanding will accelerate breeding of chickpea lines optimized for P efficient nutrient uptake.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
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Methods: During 2025, 31 chickpea accessions were assessed for root-related traits under limiting and non-limiting P conditions to characterize trait variability, RSA plasticity and inter trait correlations. To integrate diverse root-related traits and rank accessions by cumulative performance under contrasting P regimes, the multi-trait genotype ideotype distance index (MGIDI) was applied to pinpoint accessions exhibiting superior overall root-trait performance. 
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Result: Root-traits showed highly significant differences due to genotype and P availability (p&lt;0.001), with genotype &acute; P level interaction non-significant except for primary root length (PRL), which was significant (p&lt;0.001), reflecting adaptive variation under P stress. Under limiting P conditions, growth of root-related traits of tolerant genotypes increased, indicating adaptive responses for enhanced P foraging, while average root diameter (ARD) declined, suggesting finer root formation. MGIDI identified Pusa72, BG3022 and Pusa2085 under limiting P and BG3022, Pusa 5023 and PG0515 under non-limiting P as the top performing genotypes.&nbsp; Furthermore, it confirmed that a superior P foraging capacity under limiting P conditions is underpinned by a combination of traits including longer total root length (TRL) and PRL, greater total surface area (TSA) and total root volume (TRV), a reduced ARD and a higher number of total root tips (TRT). These findings enhance understanding of RSA dynamics and provide a physiological foundation for genotype specific responses to contrasting P regimes.

Decoding the Dynamics of Root System Architecture in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Contrasting Phosphorus Regimes

<div>Consistent agricultural production needs a package of methods starting from the improved crop varieties to agronomic practices to fulfil the food demand worldwide. Agricultural productivity is mainly restricted due to poor seed quality coupled with several biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, enhancement of agricultural production through improved quality of seed needs additional practice to achieve sustainable growth of farm income. In this context, biopriming could serve as a viable approach to enhance crop productivity as it improves the performance of plants under sub-optimal conditions. In biopriming, the bacterial inoculum is used during the imbibition process that bypasses the need for hazardous agrochemicals linked with crop management practices. The use of microbial solution on the planting material is an economically and environmentally safe method for uniform crop establishment. Alongside biotic stress amelioration, biopriming also serves as a viable solution to enhance the nutrient use efficiency in crop plants. Overall, the introduction of biopriming in agricultural practices allows farmers to achieve better production with a minimum investment of costly inputs.</div>

Seed Quality Enhancement Through Seed Biopriming to Increase Productivity: A Review

<div>Pulses are an important protein source for vegetarian people across the world and they have a great potential to improve the human health, contribute to global food and nutritional security. Variety of pulses were grown in India with 25% of global production and 27% of global consumption. Though India is the largest pulses producer in the world, it imports around 3.5 million tons annually to meet the ever-increasing requirement. Less adoption of improved Agro techniques, low fertile soils and unpredictable environment conditions are major factor for low production of pulses. As a results of increasing population, the projected pulses requirement will be 32 million tons by 2030 which necessitate annual growth rate of 4.2%. With adoption of suitable agronomic strategies, the productivity has to be enhanced to meet the demand. This review work was done at Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Collected review and research papers were screened from various data base like TNAU e library, ARCC journals, google scholar, research gate and scopus used to write this paper. This review article documented information gathered on importance of pulses, area, production and productivity of pulses. Nipping is important agronomic practices that removes the apical bud dominance and promotes the lateral growth which turn better maintenance of source and sink relationship and enhance the pulses yield. Influence of nipping on growth and yield of various pluses crops has been discussed here.</div>

Nipping-Agronomic Approach for Enhancing the Pulses Production: A Review

Background: Ultrasonography is a simple, safe and non-invasive method to examine the internal structures of eye in case of opacity of otherwise clear ocular medium like cornea, aqueous, lens, and vitreous. 
 
Methods: 123 dogs with ocular abnormalities from March 2021 to October 2022, presented to the Division of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology were included in this study. All of the animals underwent a thorough ophthalmic examination along with B-scan ultrasonography of both the eyes using a 7.5 MHz linear probe.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Ultrasonography revealed thin hyperechoic lines and a thin hyperechoic rim of the lens, indicating early cataract changes and cortical cataract, respectively. Sixty-two dogs were found to be affected by cataract; 20 dogs were affected by the disease Phthisis bulbi; 16 dogs had a complete retinal detachment showing a typical &ldquo;morning glory&rdquo; sign; 10 dogs had vitreous haemorrhage; 6 dogs had a damaged eye with lens dislocation; and 5 dogs had choroidal melanoma and intraocular tumours in 4 dogs out of 123 observed dogs. Further, out of 62 cataract cases, 16 dogs were affected by cortical cataracts, 41 had nuclear cataracts, and 5 dogs were affected by morgagnian cataracts. Therefore, B-scan ultrasonography of the eye was a quick, safe, and accurate way to examine the pathology, especially when opaque media inhibit direct examination or when exophthalmos is evident and the normal anatomy of the eye.

B- Mode Ultrasonography of Ocular Abnormalities in Dogs

<div>Background: Chickpea is the largest produced food legume in South Asia. It is mainly grown in dry or rainfed area, where patchy plant stand often results due to delayed and non-uniform emergence. Moreover, genotypes vary for seed germination and seedling vigour. Therefore, the study was undertaken to find most appropriate seed treatment for enhancement of planting value of desi and kabuli type chickpeas.&nbsp; 
 
Methods:&nbsp;Study was conducted at ICAR-IARI, New Delhi with fresh, 2 and 4 years stored seed lots of desi (Pusa 2028) and kabuli (Pusa 1108) varieties. The lots were compared with untreated (control) for quality and vigour parameters after giving seed enhancement treatments (SET); osmopriming, halopriming, solid matrix priming (SMP), thiram and neem khali. 
 
Result:&nbsp;Investigations revealed that SMP and thiram seed treatments significantly enhanced germination and field performance of fresh as well as aged seeds in these varieties. Effectiveness of treatments was found more pronounced in kabuli than desi type and thus confirmed the usefulness of SETs for poor vigour seeds. Results also showed that seed quality and vigour of both the types were significantly affected with time in storage. However, desi variety maintained satisfactory germination and field performance up to 2 years under ambient conditions of storage.</div>

Seed Quality Enhancement for Improving Planting Value of Fresh and Aged Seed Lots of Chickpea

Background: The study entitled &ldquo;Potential of Enhanced Probiotic as Dietary Supplement for Growing-finishing Pigs&rdquo; was conducted at Agriculture Instructional, Research and Production Units, Apayao State College, conner campus. This study aimed to evaluate its potential as dietary supplement for growing-finishing pigs in terms of body weight, gain in weight, average daily gain (ADG), Feed Consumption and Feed Conversion Ratio and the Return on Investment (ROI). Probiotic are live microorganisms that when it is used in right amount, it improved health, digestibility and fast nutrient absorption towards significant growth performance and feed efficiency. Commercial probiotics which are evidently available in the market and easily procured by raisers. However, its price is so high and revealed its increasing expenditures that cause low net income. With that, a cheapest probiotic; safe both human and the animals, decreasing production expenses. and environmental-friendly was formulated. Hence, the study was conducted to see the potential of enhanced probiotic (Provet) as dietary supplement for growing-finishing pigs 
 
Methods: The study was laid out using the completely randomized designed (CRD). The least significance difference (LSD) was used for the comparison of means, if the result is significant. The treatments as basis of comparison were Treatment 1- Control (No Probiotic), Treatment 2. Commercial Probiotic, Treatment 3. 20 ml of Enhanced Formulated Probiotic (EFP), Treatment 4. 30ml of Enhanced Formulated Probiotic (EFP). 
 
Result: Highly significant (P&lt;0.01) result were observed on the growth parameters of growing-finishing pigs such as body weight, gain in weight and the average daily gain (ADG) wherein, pigs treated with 20 ml EFP took advantaged compared with the pigs in control treatment and of the pigs treated with commercial probiotic. With the body weight advantage of animals treated with 20 ml EFP, the return on investment (ROI) revealed significant advantage compare with the pigs in the other treatments. It is therefore concluded, that the 20 ml EFP showed potential as dietary supplement on the growth parameters of growing-finishing pigs, its utilization significantly affecting the return on investment and safe to use for animal consumption. Therefore, it is recommended to use the 20 ml enhanced formulated probiotic and best to mixed with feeds and be utilized by pigs in the morning. Further recommended to conduct a verification trial on the efficacy of 20 ml enhanced formulated probiotic in same age of pig to finally confirm its significant impact to the growth and income of raising growing-finishing pigs. Furthermore, study on the use of enhanced formulated probiotic be also conducted for early and post weaning piglets and gestating sow. 
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Potential of Enhanced Formulated Probiotic (Provet) as Dietary Supplement for Growing-finishing Pigs

Background: Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple crop widely cultivated around the world, playing a crucial role in global food security. However, the sustained productivity of maize is threatened by declining soil health and quality due to intensive farming practices and improper nutrient management. Integrated nutrient&nbsp;management (INM) is a judicious use of organic and inorganic&nbsp;sources of nutrient to crop fields for sustaining and maintaining&nbsp;soil productivity. However, the use of appropriate and conjunctive&nbsp;use of application of suitable nutrients through organic and&nbsp;inorganic solely or in combination can provide the solutions to the&nbsp;problems such as increase in the price of inorganic fertilizers and&nbsp;deterioration effect of soil fertility and productivity. Hence, judicious&nbsp;application of these combinations can sustain the soil fertility and productivity. 
 
Methods: A field experiment comprising of 12 treatments was carried out in the kharif season of 2022 at the research farm of the Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, LPU, Phagwara. Aim of this research was to optimize nutrient availability and enhance soil fertility. Addressing these challenges, the present investigation entitled, enhancing physio chemical properties and nutrient content of maize through integrated nutrient management. 
 
Result: Application of 100% RDN+ mixed biofertilizers + FYM+ 1% spray of ZnSO4&nbsp;+ resulted in showed the highest protein content (10.15%), starch content (60.4%) and ash content (1.19%) in maize grains, followed by 75% RDN + Mixed Biofertilizers + FYM + 1% spray ZnSO4&nbsp;and T11. Additionally, T12&nbsp;showed the highest available zinc status in the soil with 1.5 kg/ha and the highest available zinc content in grains and straw after harvest with 325.6 mg/kg and 27.3 mg/kg, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of combining various nutrient sources to optimize maize growth and enhance its productivity. 
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Enhancing Physiochemical Properties and Quality of Maize Through Integrated Nutrient Management

Background: Intravenous urography is a contrast radiographic visualization of the renal parenchyma, pelvis, ureter as well as urinary bladder which overcomes the inherent limitations of plain survey radiography. In veterinary science, the positive contrast research often emphasizes on the usage of iodine concentration of the contrast agent but little attention is paid to its side effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess and compare the systemic effects of non-ionic and ionic contrast agents following intravenous urography in healthy dogs. 
 
Methods: Twelve clinically healthy canines were randomly divided into groups I and II consisting of six animals of either sex in each. Both the contrast agents were administered at the same dose rate i.e. 1100 mg I/kg body weight and diluted with an equal amount of 5% dextrose saline solution intravenously over a period of 10-15 minutes under general anaesthesia. The physiological, haemato-biochemical parameters and urine analysis were investigated at (0 hr) and at 1 hr, 6 hr and 24 hrs interval. 
 
Result: Physiological parameters and haematological parameters revealed a non-significant decrease at 1 h following administration of non-ionic and ionic agent. Among biochemical parameters, serum glucose, ALT, AST and ALP showed non-significant variation except serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine which increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) at 1 h following administration of contrast agent in both groups. Urine pH and specific gravity altered marginally. Absence of sediment and glucose in urine were recorded in all the animals of both the group I and II during observation period. There were transient changes in physiological, haemato-biochemical and urine parameters and compensated within 6 h as well as all parameters remained within physiological limits. These parameters provided data assess to evaluate the functional status of urinary system and adverse reaction/systemic effects of the contrast agents. Therefore, it can be concluded that intravenous urography using non-ionic and ionic contrast agents does not produce any adverse reaction or deleterious effect on vital organs and changes remained within physiological limits, thus both can be safely used @ 1100 mg I/kg in canine.