Background:&nbsp;Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) stands as a highly studied virus and consequently, its features and composition are extensively understood. It has been found to induce diverse infections in numerous plant species, with tobacco leaves being notably affected, showing mottled browning. Presently, the sole available method to control its spread is by removing infected plants. Understanding codon use bias is crucial as it could play a pivotal role in molecular interventions aimed at halting the virus&rsquo;s replication and multiplication, thereby helping to contain its propagation. 
 
 
Methods: Currently, the research focuses on assessing codon bias within six genes related to the replicase/coat protein of TMV, namely TMVgp1, TMVgp2, TMVgp3, TMVgp4, TMVgp5 and TMVgp6. To conduct this analysis, various methods such as relative dinucleotide abundance, relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), neutrality plot and parity rule 2 (PR2) plot were employed. 
 
 
Result: All of the identified genes had a modest codon bias, according to the study on codon usage, as well as the function of mutation pressure in gene TMVgp3 and natural selection in genes TMVgp1, TMVgp2, TMVgp4, TMVgp5 and TMVgp6. The Research into codon use bias showed that the TMV virus&rsquo;s chosen genes are subjected to naturally occurring selection as well as mutational pressure.

Analysis of Codon Usage Bias of Six Genes of Replicase/Coat Protein of Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Background: The study investigated codon usage bias in Medicago ruthenica transcriptome coding sequences, aiming to lay the foundation for optimizing codon composition and enhancing heterologous gene expression in Medicago ruthenica. 
 
Methods: In this research, Medicago ruthenica was used as the research material and 11,581 high-quality transcript gene sequences were selected from transcriptome data. Codon usage patterns and preferences were analyzed using software such as CodonW, R and Excel. 
 
Result: The study revealed that the effective number of codons (ENC) ranged from 28.8 to 61.0. The average GC content of codons in expressed genes of Medicago ruthenica was 0.40 and the average GC content of the third nucleotide position of synonymous codons (GC3s) was 0.33. Analysis through ENC-plot, neutrality plot and bias analysis suggested that codon usage bias in the Medicago ruthenica transcriptome may be the result of a combination of factors including selection and mutation. Fifteen optimal codons were selected, with ten ending in &lsquo;A&rsquo; and five ending in &lsquo;U&rsquo;, indicating a preference for &lsquo;A/U&rsquo; ending codons in the Medicago ruthenica transcriptome. The frequency of codon usage in Medicago ruthenica was compared to five other organisms, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Glycine max, Nicotiana tabacum, yeast and Escherichia coli, revealing significant differences with E. coli and relatively smaller differences with Nicotiana tabacum.

Analysis of Codon Preferences in Medicago ruthenica based on Transcriptome Data

Background: The study explored codon usage bias in medicago varia transcriptome coding sequences, aiming to provide data support for understanding gene expression and enhancing Molecular breeding methods in medicago varia. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: In this study,&nbsp;Medicago varia&nbsp;was used as the research material and 11722 complete open reading frame sequences were screened from the transcriptome sequencing results. Codon usage patterns and preferences were analyzed using software such as CodonW, R and Excel. 
&nbsp; 
Result: According to the 11722 complete open reading frame sequences screened from the transcriptome sequencing results, Codon was used to calculate the Codon preference index. A total of 41354958 Unigenes were obtained. A total of 80757 Unigenes (39.66%) were annotated, with the majority being annotated in the NR database. GO annotations include 20 Biological processes, 16 Cellular components and 11 molecular function GO terms, respectively. 25713 genes were annotated into KOG, including 25 subclasses. The content of average GC was 42.87%, respectively. The study revealed that the effective number of codons (ENC) ranged from 23.9 to 61.0. Mutation and selection affected the codon preference. Medicago varia preferred 30 codons and preferred the third base of the codon as A/U, so it can be inferred that Medicago prefers the third codon with A/U.

Transcriptome-based Medicago varia Codon Preference Analysis

This project uses ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) ear tags and readers with a readable range of 3 to 5 m. Forty stags were tagged with radio-frequency identification (RFID) ear tags and allocated into 20 pens. When deer with RFID ear tags walked through the aisle, handheld RFID readers, used as personal digital assistants (PDAs), and stationary RFID readers in frequency range received signals from the tags, and individual deer tag data were transmitted immediately and completely through wireless PDAs to a computer. The inputted data were sent to the deer-farm management system to be collated and organized. Farmers obtained individual deer data without approaching the deer, which decreased the risk of the deer attacking. Employing UHF-RFID technology integrated with software contributes to enhancing the efficiency of deer identification and farm management.

Employing ultrahigh-frequency RFID technology on deer farm managment

<div style="text-align: justify;">To establish an effective feeding regime for Carassius auratus, this experiment investigated the effects of feeding ration and feeding frequency on growth, feed utilization and body composition in juvenile C. auratus (Initial weight: 1.66 &plusmn; 0.018 g). A 4 &times; 4 experimental design of four ration sizes (2, 3, 4 and 5% body weight per day [BW/day]) with four feeding frequencies (1, 2, 3 and 4 meals/day) was carried out over 8 weeks with three replicates per treatment. The results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) with the feeding ration from 2% BW/day to 3% BW/day and feeding frequency from 1 meal/day to 4 meals/day. Similarly feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly better (P &lt;0.05) at feeding ration of 3% BW/day than 4 and 5% BW/day at 4 meals/day than 1, 2 or 3 meals/day. SGR, FCR and PER further reduced when feeding ration was increased beyond 3% BW/day. Lipid content improved with the increased feeding frequency at all feeding rations, however feeding frequency did not exhibit a significant effect on crude protein level (P&gt;0.05). Moisture content of body showed an opposite trend to lipid content and decreased with increase in feeding frequency. In conclusion, feeding ration of 3% BW/day and feeding frequency of 4 meals/ day was found to be better for maximal growth and feed utilization of young ones of C. auratus.</div>

Feeding ration and frequency influences growth, feed utilization and body composition of goldfish (Carassius auratus)

A comparative study of frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll mutations induced by physical (gamma rays) and chemical mutagens (EMS) in relation to the effect of mutations in M1 plant, induction of mutants in M2 and variability studies in M3 generation was made in two ricebean (Vigna umbellata Thunb, Ohwi and Ohashi) varieties; one local (Totru Local) and one widely cultivated one (BRS-1) during 2005-2008. The treatments included three doses each of gamma rays (30, 40 and 50 kR) and EMS (0.50, 0.60 and 0.70%). Both gamma rays and EMS proved to be hazardous for germination and plant survival at higher dose and the comparative reduction in these characters was higher under EMS treatments than gamma rays. The frequencies and spectrum of five different kind of induced chlorophyll mutations was in the order; viridis &gt; xantha = albina &gt; chlorina &gt; albo-viridis in BRS-1 and viridis &gt; xantha &gt; albina &gt; chlorina = albo-viridis in Totru Local. EMS was found to be more effective in inducing maximum frequencies of chlorophyll mutants than gamma rays. Highest frequency of chlorophyll mutants were found under O.50% EMS in BRS-1 and 0.70% EMS in Totru Local. Genotypic differences were seen as highest frequency of mutations was observed in Totru Local which was more sensitive to mutagenic treatments than BRS-1. The coefficients of variation for all quantitative characters studied in M3 generation were of higher magnitude compared to control in both the cultivars. The lower doses (30kR in gamma rays and 0.50% in EMS) were found to be the most important doses for inducing desirable variability in ricebean and three traits i.e. pods per cluster, seeds per pod and pod length showed high heritability coupled with high genetic advance in both BRS-1 and Totru Local indicating that breeding for these traits can be achieved by phenotypic selection.&nbsp;

Frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll mutations and induced variability&nbsp;in ricebean (Vigna umbellata Thunb, Ohwi and Ohashi)

<div>Present re search was formulated to find out how honey extraction frequencies influence colony growth and honey production of European honey bee Apis mellifera colonies. Colonies were equalized in terms of food and brood before starting experiment and were subjected to three types of honey extraction frequencies namely single, two and regular/ farmer&rsquo;s practices. Observations were recorded fortnightly throughout the honey flow season for two consecutive years (2014-16). As per present findings single extraction frequency have maximum mean honey area of 668.4 inches2 followed by twice extracted colonies (568.6) with significant difference and regular extraction (449.0) gives least honey. Honey peaks were observed during mid February (837.8-916.8 inches2) which remains significantly higher than honey areas in January and in March. As far as colony growth was concerned colonies with two extractions have high total brood areas of 436.4 inches2 and similar trend was followed in case of larvae, pupae and egg. Effect on pollen stores gave a different picture in contrast of other parameters here colonies with regular extraction were observed with significantly high pollen stores (99.3 inches2) than single extracted colonies (83.7 inches2). For high honey production single extraction was recommended and if colony multiplication was also an aim than twice extraction is best option as per findings.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Growth of Apis mellifera (L.) colonies influenced by honey extraction frequencies</div>

Background: Agricultural products are essential for human beings and maintaining their quality and storing them under optimal conditions is important. Sesame is a widely used cooking oil. Oil production and quality are important aspects of&nbsp;the food industry. However, during storage, the quality of sesame seeds can be greatly affected by factors such as moisture content, microbial growth and pests. Conventional techniques for eliminating pests and drying frequently entail the use of chemicals or high temperatures, which could cause health hazards and diminish the nutritional value of the seeds. However, dielectric measurement is a low-cost, rapid and effective technique for the detection and quality assessment of agricultural products. 
 
Methods: A specially designed coaxial sample holder was connected to an LCR Meter by using a computer-controlled interface. It operates on the principle of a cylindrical capacitor and is based on the cavity perturbation technique. The sample was contained in the cavity of a cylindrical sample holder and a specifically constructed temperature controller sensor assembly was used to regulate the temperature. Five different moisture concentrations of sesame oilseeds were prepared to study their dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity and penetration depth over the frequency range of 100 Hz to 5 MHz.&nbsp; 
 
Result: This study indicates that the dielectric constant tends to change in a more regular and understandable manner as the frequency and moisture content vary, whereas the behaviour of the dielectric loss factor was less predictable and more irregular in response to the same changes. A linear regression model was developed to investigate the impact of the dielectric constant and loss on frequency and temperature. An R2 value of 0.705 indicates that the model is well explained, with 27.6% of the variance in temperature and frequency.

Radio Frequency Treatment of Sesame Oilseed for Quality Assessment

Farmers in India have been using traditional health care practices in dairy farming since time immemorial. Present paper is an attempt to review the Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) practised and documented across five regions in India viz., North, South, East, West and North East regions to understand the prevalence of ITKs and its dynamics of usage across the country. Cross regional analysis of location specificity of different ITKs, similarities and variation in ingredients usage and researchable issues in ITKs would help in further promoting its widespread usage. Large inter-regional variation in the ITK usage warrants a scope to popularize the validated ITKs among the dairy farmers of other regions where these are not being practised. Concerted research efforts are required in treatment of the important diseases like mastitis which causes heavy economical losses to the farmers, whereas the ITKs may be refined in the form of user friendly package for ultimate solution to the diseases.&nbsp;

Cross-regional analysis on usage of Indigenous Technical Knowledge&nbsp;in dairy farming&nbsp;

Background: The growth rate and body weight increased with increment in feed frequencies due to microbial activities enhancing nutrient absorption in the animal&rsquo;s body (<a href="#younas_2014">Yaunas et al., 2014</a>, <a href="#bawala_2009">Bawala et al., 2009</a>). The efficacy of growth by increased feeding frequency is due to a large improvement in the efficiency of food utilization. Smaller ruminants require more frequent feedings than larger ruminants because of their higher basal metabolism. 
 
Methods: The effects of concentrate feeding frequency on growth performance were assessed in a three-month trial including twenty-one female Sirohi goat kids. Three groups (T1, T2 and T3) containing concentrate were randomly assigned to feed the Sirohi goat kids once, twice, or three times a day. Throughout the ninety-day trial, uniform management techniques and feeding like green or dry fodder were kept up. Each animal was given an exact quantity of food and water each morning during the trial and the remaining feed and water were weighed the next morning. 
 
Result: Total daily feed intake was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in T3 (885.88&plusmn;4.06 g/d) than in T2 (775.03&plusmn;7.52 g/d) and T1 (702.54&plusmn;5.78 g/d). Average daily weight gain (ADG) was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in T3 (43.68&plusmn;1.8 g) than in T1 (32.30&plusmn;2.61 g) and T2 (37.73&plusmn;2.42 g). Non-significantly differing feed conversion ratio (3.06&plusmn;0.31) in T3 than in T2 (3.16&plusmn;0.29) and T1 (3.39&plusmn;0.31), indicating a positive impact of thrice-a-day concentrate feeding on feed intake and growth but not affect feed efficiency in goat kids.

Analysis of Codon Usage Bias of Six Genes of Replicase/Coat Protein of Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Analysis of Codon Preferences in Medicago ruthenica based on Transcriptome Data

Transcriptome-based Medicago varia Codon Preference Analysis

Employing ultrahigh-frequency RFID technology on deer farm managment

Feeding ration and frequency influences growth, feed utilization and body composition of goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll mutations and induced variability in ricebean (Vigna umbellata Thunb, Ohwi and Ohashi)

Growth of Apis mellifera (L.) colonies influenced by honey extraction frequencies

Radio Frequency Treatment of Sesame Oilseed for Quality Assessment

Cross-regional analysis on usage of Indigenous Technical Knowledge in dairy farming

Effect of Concentrate Feeding Frequency on Growth Performance of Sirohi Goat Kids