<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was conducted to show the long term effect of low glycemic index (GI) finger millet (Eleusine coracana) buns (GI = 36.57) on diabetics. This case control clinical trial was conducted on 30 type 2 diabetic subjects who were equally divided into 2 groups: experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). The EG patients were supplemented with four (200 g) finger millet flour buns for 60 days in comparison to control group without having any buns supplementation. All the samples supplemented to experimental group provided 23-25g of total dietary fibre per day. The metabolic parameters studied were serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum LDL, serum HDL, serum triglycerides and serum VLDL. &nbsp;Blood glucose levels (both fasting and post prandial) and lipid profile (at fasting) of the subjects were assessed at baseline and after 60 days of supplementation. Significant reduction was recorded in fasting blood glucose (13.75%), post prandial blood glucose (14.43%), serum cholesterol (4.41%) and serum LDL (11.22%) and also a decrease in serum triglycerides (5.11%) and VLDL (4.74%). Serum HDL increased significantly by 14.98 per cent. Thus, it is concluded that finger millet as a low GI food product leads to modest improvement in long-term glycemic and lipidemic control in type 2 diabetics.</div>

Effect of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) buns supplementation on serum glucose and serum lipids level in type 2 diabetics

<div>Background: The industrial hub of Punjab, Ludhiana is polluted with heavy metals. The dairy animals experience stress due to pollution of heavy metals as well as the hot summer season. The stressors lead to disturbance in metabolic profile and affect milk production. The present study aimed at evaluation of detrimental effect of environmental heavy metal pollution on the metabolic profile of buffaloes during summer and winter seasons in Ludhiana district of Punjab, India. A total of 100 buffaloes were randomly selected from heavy metal exposed (n=60) and control area (n=40) during summer and winter seasons.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The location of the experimental area surveyed on the basis of levels of heavy metals. The dairy farms are located in and around Ludhiana, Punjab were identified with levels of heavy metal above the permissible limits (FSSAI, 2010) viz. Chromium-0.05 &micro;g /ml; Nickel-0.02 &micro;g /ml; Arsenic-0.05 &micro;g /ml and Lead -0.05&micro;g /ml. The plasma samples were analyzed for metabolic profile. The water levels of heavy metals were below the permissible limits; therefore, it was taken as uncontaminated or control area. 
 
Result: Buffaloes of heavy metal exposed areas exhibited significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher levels of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and CK levels as compared to control area. A significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease was observed in plasma total protein, albumin, A:G ratio, BUN: creatinine ratio in the buffaloes of exposed area as compared to the control area. However, significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher levels of plasma glucose, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and CK levels were observed during summer as compared to winter season in both exposed and control areas. Significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased levels of plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin and BUN: Creatinine ratio were observed in the buffaloes during summer as compared to winter in both exposed and control areas. The Cr, Ni, As and Pb levels showed highly significant (P&lt;0.01) positive correlation with plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, creatinine, ALT, AST, CK and GGT. Highly significant positive relationship (P&lt;0.01) was observed among plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, creatinine, BUN, ALT, AST, ALP, CK and GGT whereas, plasma BUN had highly significant (P&lt;0.01) negative correlation with plasma total protein and A:G ratio considering both the areas together. Plasma levels of total protein showed significant (P&lt;0.01) negative correlation with all other metabolic profile constituents of both control and heavy metal exposed areas. Thus it may be concluded that the metabolic disturbance in heavy metal exposed buffaloes may have been mediated by heavy metal pollution.&nbsp;</div>

​​Effect of Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution on Metabolic Profile of Buffaloes in Ludhiana

<div>Background: Early detection of pregnancy can perk up the reproductive competence of dairy animals and decreasing the interval between two successive AI. Several methods of pregnancy diagnosis both direct and indirect are being practiced; but to date, none of these technologies qualifies as the ideal pregnancy detection method due to its limitation. The present study was designed to learn about the changes of hormonal and blood metabolites during early bovine pregnancy. 
 
Methods: A total of 30 numbers of crossbred cows at 2nd to 5th lactation was selected for the study. Clinico-gynaecological examination was carried out in all the cows and those have devoid of ill health, having a regular estrous cycle and estrus period were inseminated at mid to late estrus. Ten milliliter&nbsp; of blood samples were collected aseptically from all the cows (6 samples from each cow and a total of 180 samples) on day 1, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 of post-A.I. From the obtained serum, levels of glucose, cholesterol, BUN, total protein and hormonal profile estrone sulphate, progesterone were analysed. All the cows were observed for the absence of external signs of estrus after AI and pregnancy was confirmed by using ultrasonography and per rectal examination on day 30 to 40 of post insemination.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was observed that level of glucose, BUN, cholesterol and progesterone was significantly increased during early pregnancy (P&lt;0.01). While, the serum level of estrone sulphate significantly decreased while advancing the pregnancy. There was positive correlation&nbsp;between the level of progesterone (P&lt;0.01) and negative correlation of estrone sulphate (P&lt;0.05) with serum glucose, BUN, cholesterol at different days of post A.I. The blood biochemical constituents i.e. glucose, BUN, cholesterol and hormone estrone sulphate, progesterone possibly will used as an ideal marker of early pregnancy in cattle. Thus blood biochemical constituents like glucose, BUN, cholesterol and hormone estrone sulphate, progesterone possibly can be used as a tool for diagnosis of non pregnant dairy cattles with very high accuracy at around 30 days of post insemination.&nbsp;</div>

A Comparative Study on Certain Blood Metabolites and Hormonal Indices for Detection of Pregnancy of Crossbred Cows of High Altitude: Mizoram

<div style="text-align:justify">The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of substituting grain barley with we sugar beet pulp (WSBP) silage prepared with wheat bran (WSBPS) at different levels on some blood parameters of lambs. A barley grain based control diet was prepared. Then, three experimental diets were prepared by substituting 35, 70 and 100% of barley grain with WSBPS (35, 70 and 100% WSBPS diets). Moreover, negative control was also established. &nbsp;A total of sixty, 6-7 month old male Akkaraman lambs with 24.29+1.50 kg mean body weight were used in the study. These lambs were fed one of five diets for a period of 75 days. Blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of the experiment. Serum glucose, total protein, BUN, phosphorus, and calcium levels were determined. Serum BUN and phosphorus levels were similar at the beginning and end of the experiment (P&gt;0,05). Serum glucose levels were significantly higher in control, 100% WSBPS and negative control whereas Ca level was higher in all groups, except negative control at the end of experiment (P&lt;0,05). Total protein levels were significantly lower in 70 and 100% WSBPS (P&lt;0,05). All of the parameters, except BUN level were statistically similar among groups at the end of the experiment. &nbsp;In conclusion, &nbsp;substituting &nbsp;barley &nbsp;with wet &nbsp;sugar &nbsp;beet &nbsp;pulp silage did not have significant effects on blood parameters, except BUN. Substituting barley with WSBPS could be an alternative feeding strategy for farmers without affecting animal health based on the results of this experiment.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of substituting barley grain with wet sugar beet pulp silage on some blood metabolites in lambs</div>

Background: Acetaminophen (APAP), a commonly used analgesic, causes acute kidney injury (AKI) in overdose although it is rare. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role in the pathophysiology of renal damage, although the exact molecular mechanism is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of cyclosporin A (CsA), a mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (MPTP) inhibitor, with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in APAP-induced AKI.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Male BALB/c mice were divided into control, APAP, APAP+NAC, APAP+CsA and APAP+NAC+CsA groups (n=6). A single dose of APAP (400 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. All other treatments (1200 mg/kg NAC, 50 mg/kg CsA) were performed intraperitoneally 3 h after APAP administration. All animals were decapitated and blood samples and kidney tissue samples were collected for evaluation. Serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured. The kidney tissue 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), cytochrome c (Cytc) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels and cytochrome c (Cytc) expressions were determined.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Increased Cr and BUN levels, histopathological examinations and expressions of 8-OHdG, 3-NT and Cytc were detected in the APAP group. Combined NAC+CsA treatment sufficiently reversed oxidative stress, serum Cr and BUN levels and histopathological alterations induced by APAP. Moreover, cytc levels and renal tubular injury were remarkably reduced by combined drug treatment compared to the APAP+NAC group. These data suggest that the therapeutic effect of combined NAC+CsA treatment in mice with APAP-induced nephrotoxicity can be related to the combination of the antioxidant effect of NAC and the mitochondrial MPTP inhibitor effect of CsA.

Effects of Concomitant Use of N-acetylcysteine and Cyclosporine A on Acetaminophen-induced Acute Kidney Injury in Mice

Background: Cadmium is a common environmental toxin and its notable nephrotoxicity has been proven. In the kidneys. If picked up by such sources as unclean sewage or long-term pollution, this can become chronic exposure to cadmium. Through the use of contaminated food or water supplies and also industrial pollution with metals and aerosols that enter our rivers and lakes, it finds its way in there to an even greater extent still It accumulates mainly in the kidneys. As a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, Ziziphus spina-christi was investigated for its possible protective effects against cadmium-induced kidney damage in rats. 
 
Methods: The adult male and female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided in four groups: control group, Ziziphus spina-christi treatment (ZSC), ZSC treatment plus cadmium; the blood samples for serum analysis at end of treatment and kidney tissuesfor histological examination were from harvested at the end of the treatment period, blood samples were collected for serum analysis. Kidney tissue was obtained for histological examination. The range of biochemical parameters-creatine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN)and uric acid levels-were measured using diagnostic kits. 
 
Result: Cadmium exposure actually decreased the rats&rsquo; kidney weight and increased the levels of creatinine, uric acid and BUN in the male and female animals, indicating renal toxicity. This cadmium-fact pathology was apparently renal in nature and included glomerular and tubular necrosis as well vascular congestion. While treating rats with ZSC alone had no negative effect on their kidney function and did not cause any reduction in normalizes its weight or biochemical parameters, it did so when you administered cadmium rats them concurrently with. Those animals that had been treated with both cadmium and ZSC however showed a partial recovery in kidney weight, while the levels of serum creatinine, BUN and uric acid all fell significantly compared to those animals receiving only cadmium. Histologically speaking, the kidney damage exhibited by rats in the combination treatment category was less severe: their renal architecture more intact than in animals exposed solely to cadmium.

Protective Effects of Ziziphus spina-christi on Cadmium-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Background: The nephroprotective effects of herbal extracts have increasingly gained attention due to the rise in kidney diseases and the limitations of conventional treatments. This study explores the renal protective properties of a polyherbal extract formulation composed of Ziziphus spina-christi, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Nigella sativa (ZTN) in Wistar albino rats. 
 
Methods: Three groups of adult male and female Wistar albino rats consisting of the control group that received only water, another group was administered with 100 mg/kg of the polyherbal (ZTN herbal) formulation, while the last group was administered with 250 mg/kg of the ZTN polyherbal extract formulation. The treatments administered for 14 days and thereafter Kidney weight, uric acid, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)&nbsp;and creatinine levels were assessed to assess renal function. Histological analysis was conducted for tissue integrity evaluation. 
 
Result: The polyherbal extract formulation of ZTN induced a dose-dependent increase in kidney weight in both male and female rats. Uric acid levels decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner, with the most substantial reduction at 250 mg/kg. BUN levels also showed a notable decrease, particularly at the higher dose, indicating enhanced renal function. Creatinine levels exhibited a significant dose-dependent reduction, with female rats showing higher baseline levels but greater overall reductions. Histological analysis revealed mild histological changes at 100 mg/mL and severe changes at 250 mg/mL. Histological changes include glomerular hypertrophy and tubular necrosis, more pronounced at higher doses. The polyherbal extract formulation of ZTN demonstrated significant nephroprotective effects, reducing uric acid, BUN&nbsp;and creatinine levels in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, an observation of gender-based differences occur in female rats showing higher baseline levels but greater reductions with treatment. These findings support the potential therapeutic use of polyherbal extracts in managing renal health, emphasizing the importance of dose regulation to avoid adverse effects.

A Comprehensive Study on the Renal Protective Effects of Polyherbal Extract Formulation and Their Impact on Kidney Function in Rats

<div>Background:&nbsp;Nearly all anaesthetic agent decreases renal and hepatic blood flow, so anaesthetic agents should be selected properly in patients particularly with pre-existing renal and hepatic impairment. The present study conducted to evaluate the effect of acepromazine, midazolam and dexmedetomidine as pre-anaesthetic agent followed by induction with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane on kidney and liver function of client-owned female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;Thirty-two clinically healthy female dogs were randomly divided into four groups with ten animals in the groups A and B and six animals in groups C and D for elective ovariohysterectomy. Animals were premedicated with acepromazine-butorphanol in group A, midazolam-butorphanol in group B, dexmedetomidine (I/M)- butorphanol in group C and dexmedetomidine (I/V)- butorphanol in group D. Animals in all four groups were induced (till effect) with propofol and maintained with isoflurane.&nbsp; 
 
Result: All the groups showed non-significant marginal decline in BUN and serum creatinine at 5 minutes after pre-medication. Serum AST and ALT were non-significant decreased in groups A and B and non-significant increase in groups C and D during observations. Serum albumin and globulin gradually but non-significantly decrease in group A after premedication to T20 during anesthesia with isoflurane, then gradually increase upto extubation, but values remained lower in comparison to base values.</div>

Effects of Anaesthetic Protocol on Kidney and Liver Function of Female Dogs undergoing Ovariohysterectomy

The ability of Diatomacious earth (DAE) in reducing the toxic effects of aflatoxin (AF) in broiler diet was evaluated. DAE was supplemented @ 400 and 800 mg kg-1 of feed along with 0.5 and 1 ppm of AF kg-1 of feed. Healthy unsexed day old broiler chicks (n=360) were assigned to 9 groups comprising of control and treatment groups. Feeding of AF resulted in significantly lower feed intake as well as body weight gain and increase in feed conversion ratio in comparison to the control groups. Supplementation of DAE in aflatoxin mixed diet significantly reduced the deleterious effects of AF on growth parameters. Feeding of AF alone caused significant decrease in serum levels of total proteins, albumin, triglycerides and cholesterol. However, significant increase was found in serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine in AF fed broilers. Supplementation of DAE to the AF mixed feed ameliorated the adverse effect of AF on the serum biochemical values by causing increase in serum total proteins, albumin, triglycerides and cholesterol levels. In addition, a significant increase was recorded in AST, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine levels in DAE supplemented broilers. The study concluded that diatomaceous earth is an effective adsorbent to decrease the negative effects of aflatoxin in broiler chicken.

Efficacy of diatomacious earth in amelioration of aflatoxin&nbsp;induced toxicity in broiler chicken

<div>Background: Odisha experiencing sporadic outbreaks of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) throughout the year. There is a scarcity of available literature on PPR in Odisha till today. This is the first ever detail investigative approach in the state undertaken with an objective to corelate the epidemiological risk factors, haemato-biochemical and pathological changes in natural field outbreaks occurring in eight different districts.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fourteen field outbreaks of PPR were evaluated clinically as well as epidemiologically and confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Blood, serum, faecal and tissue samples were collected to observe haemato-biochemical and pathomorphological changes to asses disease severity. 
 
Result: Present study concluded an overall mortality rate of 46.81%. Chi-square analysis revealed significant highest prevalence among 7-12 months (46.13%) age, Ganjam breed (45.51%) and females (80.49%). Frequent migration among the border areas along with poor management and helminthic infection was major precipitating factor. There was polycythemia along with neutrophilia and lymphopenia. Significant increase in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), K+ and Ca2+&nbsp;along with creatinine, urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) BUN was observed in affected flocks. Antero-ventral consolidation of lungs, syncytia and presence of both eosinophilic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were major pathological changes.&nbsp;</div>

Effect of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) buns supplementation on serum glucose and serum lipids level in type 2 diabetics

Effect of Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution on Metabolic Profile of Buffaloes in Ludhiana

A Comparative Study on Certain Blood Metabolites and Hormonal Indices for Detection of Pregnancy of Crossbred Cows of High Altitude: Mizoram

Effect of substituting barley grain with wet sugar beet pulp silage on some blood metabolites in lambs

Effects of Concomitant Use of N-acetylcysteine and Cyclosporine A on Acetaminophen-induced Acute Kidney Injury in Mice

Protective Effects of Ziziphus spina-christi on Cadmium-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

A Comprehensive Study on the Renal Protective Effects of Polyherbal Extract Formulation and Their Impact on Kidney Function in Rats

Effects of Anaesthetic Protocol on Kidney and Liver Function of Female Dogs undergoing Ovariohysterectomy

Efficacy of diatomacious earth in amelioration of aflatoxin induced toxicity in broiler chicken

Epidemiology, Haemato-biochemical and Pathological Changes Related to Field Outbreaks of PPR in Small Ruminants in Odisha