<div>Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important pulse crop grown all over the world. Chickpea is infested by an average of about 60 insect-pests, of which gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is known to be the key pest. The migratory nature, polyphagous, short life cycle, multivoltine and resistance to insecticides makes H. armigera&nbsp;very difficult to control. In order to develop the resistance chickpea genotypes against H. armigera it is very important to understand the interrelation between the chickpea biochemical constituents and their effect on insect growth and development. 
 
Methods: The biological performance of H. armigera on different chickpea genotypes was studied using detached leaf method and the test genotypes were also evaluated for field level resistance to H. armigera under natural conditions. Different biochemical constituents viz., reducing sugar, protein, total phenol and tannins content in chickpea genotypes were estimated at 30 days after sowing. The relationship between biological attributes of H. armigera reared on different chickpea genotypes and biochemical constituents of chickpea genotypes was computed using simple correlation co-efficient. 
 
Result: Among the test genotypes, the lowest larval weight, prolonged larval duration and pupal duration were observed in GL-13042. The lowest pupal weight and percent of adult emergence was observed in NBeG-786 while the lowest fecundity was observed in GL-13001. The percent pod damage, pest susceptibility/ resistance per cent and PRSR on different chickpea genotypes in the field condition varied from 25.9 to 47.84%, 12.91 to 45.86 and from 4 to 5. In the biochemical constituents, the highest total phenol and tannin content were observed in NBeG-786 whereas the lowest protein and reducing sugar content were observed in GL-13042. Relationship between biological attributes of H. armigera and biochemical constituents in different chickpea genotypes revealed that reducing sugars, protein, total phenols and tannins content showed negative association with biological attributes of H. armigera reared on chickpea genotypes.</div>

<div>Effect of Different Chickpea Genotypes and Its Biochemical Constituents on Biological Attributes of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)</div>

<div>Background: Follicular fluid is in part exudates of serum and is also partially composed of locally produced substances, which are related to the metabolic activity of the follicular cells. The knowledge of the biochemical composition of follicular fluid can provide useful information about the requirements, growth and maturation of oocyte and which may be used as a provisional guide for formulating suitable culture media for in vitro cell culture and maturation in a particular species.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Follicular fluid were aspirated from small follicles (&lt;3 mm; SF), medium follicles (3-5 mm; MF) and large follicles (&gt;5 mm; LF). Blood samples were also collected for extraction of serum. &nbsp;Follicular fluid and serum samples were analyzed for biochemical constituents.&nbsp; 
 
Conclusion: It can be concluded that some biochemical constituents of follicular fluid such as glucose, cholesterol, total protein and globulin were higher in large follicles compared to small follicles. Moreover, serum levels of most of biochemical constituents were higher than their levels in different sizes of follicular fluid. This present investigation of comparative analysis of biochemical constituents between serum and ovarian follicles in Ganjam goat of Odisha will provide clues to researchers who work on reproductive physiology in different breeds of goat.</div>

<div>Comparative Analysis of Biochemical Constituents between Ovarian Follicular Fluid and Serum in Ganjam Goat (Capra hircus)</div>

<div>Background: Pantja is a dual purpose indigenous goat breed, reared in Tarai region of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. There is a lack of thorough study about the seminal characteristics of this goat breed. Hence, the present study was conducted to evaluate the level of certain biochemical constituents and their relationship with macroscopical and microscopical semen characteristics in Pantja buck. 
 
Methods: A total thirty two ejaculates from four sexually mature Pantja buck were analysed. The ejaculates were evaluated for volume (0.36&plusmn;0.06 ml), mass activity (4.47&plusmn;0.22), concentration (3.54&plusmn;0.13 x 109/ml), individual motility (85.28&plusmn;1.17%), viability (88.28&plusmn;0.78%), morphological abnormalities (4.70&plusmn;0.17%), plasma membrane integrity (86.31&plusmn;0.62%) and acrosome integrity (94.31&plusmn;1.05%) by standard semen evaluation protocol. Seminal plasma ALT (18.10&plusmn;0.45 U/L), AST (124.04&plusmn;0.86 U/L), ALP (49.98&plusmn;0.38 U/L), LDH (216.36&plusmn;1.78 U/L), GSH-Px (10.90&plusmn;0.21 U/ml), MDA (2.14&plusmn;0.05 nmol/ml), albumin (2.29&plusmn;0.03 gm/dl), globulin (2.52&plusmn;0.02 gm/dl), total proteins (4.81&plusmn;0.05 gm/dl), calcium (11.07&plusmn;0.18 mg/dl) and phosphorus (12.34&plusmn;0.20 mg/dl) were determined spectrophotometrically. Two tailed Pearson&rsquo;s correlation was applied to check the relationship among the above attributes. 
 
Result: A significant correlation was observed among the biochemical constituents of seminal plasma and seminal attributes of Pantja bucks. The selected biochemical constituents also showed significant correlation with each other.</div>

Correlation of Certain Biochemical Constituents of Seminal Plasma with Semen Characteristics in Pantja Buck

Clomiphene citrate(an anti-estrogen) has the abilities for the secretion of gondaotropin from the anterior pituitary gland. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of CC and hCG on female sex hormones (FSH, Estrogen) and serum biochemical constituents in pre-pubertal Sahiwal heifers. The twelve animals were randomly divided into a) treatment and b) control groups. These animals were grouped on the basis of reproductive status of heifers. The animals in treatment group were fed clomiphene citrate with dose of 300mg/ animal for 9 days. &nbsp;On 10thday of experiment, hCG (IVF-C 5000 iu (hCG) LG Life Sciences, Korea) was injected I/V to both groups. For the serum biochemical constituent&rsquo;s evaluation and oxidative stress (MDA), blood on day 0, 14 and 28 was collected. Similarly, for hormones evaluation three blood samples per week (on alternate days) for 9 days were collected. The concentrations of both hormones were assessed by ELISA. For the comparison of variables, student t-test was applied. Analysis of data revealed that levels of hormones were higher in treated animals as compared to control. There was significant (p&lt; 0.05) increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides total protein and sugar.But there was nonsignificant(p&gt; 0.05) effect on liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and MDA. It was concluded that use of CC and hCG increase the FSH and estrogen and few alterations in serum biochemical constituents in the pre-pubertal Sahiwal heifers. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Effects of Clomiphene Citrate (CC) and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) on hormonal profile, serum biochemical constituents, and oxidative stress in pre-pubertal Sahiwal heifers 
&nbsp;

Background: Ban on utilization of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in poultry diets has driven the implementation of alternative strategies to maintain gut health, optimal digestibility and performance in broiler production. Lauric acid (LA) is a medium chain fatty acids and could be used as a potential alternative to AGP in broiler diets. Hence, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of LA at graded levels on nutrient retention, blood biochemical constituents and gut microflora count. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Three hundred, day old commercial broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 6 dietary treatments with 10 replicates of 5 chicks in each. Corn-soybean meal based basal diet (BD) was formulated for pre-starter (1-2weeks), starter (3-4 weeks) and finisher (5-6 weeks) phases without AGP (negative control). Positive control diet was the BD having 0.035% chlortetracycline as AGP. The remaining 4 experimental diets were formulated by supplementing LA to BD at rate of 0.05% (LA-50), 0.075% (LA-75), 0.1% (LA-100) and 0.2% (LA-200), respectively. Blood was collected from 1 bird per replicate on 35thd to estimate blood biochemical constituents. To assess the nutrient retention, metabolic trial of 3 d duration was conducted on one randomly selected bird per replicate after 42 d. On same day, 1 bird from each replicate was sacrificed for enumeration of&nbsp;total bacteria and Escherichia coli in gut. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The utilization of dry matter was higher (P&lt;0.05) in broilers fed on graded levels of LA than BD fed chicks and was comparable to that of AGP fed birds. Broilers supplemented with LA-200 and LA-75 diet had higher (P&lt;0.01) crude protein retention than those fed BD. Significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher ether extract retention was observed in LA-200 fed birds compared to those on BD, AGP, LA-50, LA-75 and LA-100. Replacement of AGP with LA (0.05 to 0.2%) in diets decreased (P&lt;0.05) total bacterial and E.coli count in gut. Serum glucose, cholesterol, albumin, globulin and its ratio were not affected while serum total protein was higher (P&lt;0.05) in LA-75 and LA-200 fed birds compared to BD birds. Based on the results it could be concluded that, lauric acid supplementation at 0.05% in diets improved nutrient retention and gut health and could be used as alternative to antibiotic growth promoter. 
&nbsp;

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Lauric Acid on Blood Biochemical Constituents, Nutrient Retention and Gut Microflora Count in Commercial Broilers

<div style="text-align: justify;">An experiment of 120 days was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing inorganic zinc (ZnSO4; 80 ppm) with &nbsp;lower level (75% of inorganic levels; 60 ppm) of organic zinc (Zn propionate; Zn-Prop) on growth, serum biochemical constituents, immune response, mineral and antioxidant status in buffalo calves. Twelve buffalo calves (193.3&plusmn;19.63kg; 14-24 months) were randomly allotted to a control (80 ppm Zn) and experimental (60 ppm Zn) diets. All calves were weighed at fortnight interval. Animals were immunized against Brucella abortus (BA) and chicken RBC (CRBC) antigens on day 90 with a booster dose of 15 days interval and serum was collected on 7, 14, 21 and 28 d of post sensitization (PS) to study the antibody titres. Blood was collected on 114 d of experiment to prepare serum and haemolysate. Cell mediated immune response (CMIR) was determined against phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) on day 118. The fortnightly body weights, average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio were comparable between the dietary groups. Similarly, serum albumin, globulin, creatinine and mineral (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) levels were comparable while higher (P&lt;0.05) serum total protein and alkaline phosphatase activities were observed in organic Zn supplemented calves. After 7 d of PS, serum antibody titres (log2) against BA were higher (P&lt;0.05) with Zn-Prop supplementation, while the titres against CRBC were not affected by Zn source and dose. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione reductase, RBC catalase and superoxide dismutase) estimated in haemolysate were comparable between groups, while glutathione peroxidase (P&lt;0.05) activity increased with Zn-prop supplementation compared to ZnSO4. The CMIR was higher (P&lt;0.05) with organic Zn. It can be concluded that the growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune response in calves fed lower levels of organic Zn (Zn-Propionate) (75% of inorganic mineral supplementation) was comparable to those fed 100% of inorganic zinc and the CMI response was higher in organic Zn supplemented calves.</div>

Effect of replacing inorganic zinc with a lower level of organic zinc (zinc propionate) on performance, biochemical constituents, antioxidant, immune and mineral status in buffalo calves

The present study was designed to determine the possible protective effects of E. purpurea extracts (EPE) against gamma (g-) radiation exposure (6Gy) induced biochemical alterations and oxidative tissue damage (liver and testes) in male rats given EPE (100 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks) prior to g-irradiation. It has been found that g-irradiation led to hepatic and testicular oxidative stress with concomitant increase in liver function enzymes. Serum lipid profile and hormone level has also been found altered. Rats dosed with EPE before exposure to g-rays showed significantly less severe damage and remarkable improvement in all of the measured parameters when compared to irradiated rats. It could be concluded that EPE attenuates the deleterious effects of radiation-induced biochemical disorders and tissue damage (liver and testes).&nbsp;

The role of Echinacea extract to protect the damage effects of gamma&nbsp;radiation on some biochemical constituents in male albino rats

<div>Background: Calving to conception interval is abnormally extended by the occurrence of retained fetal membranes (RFM) by altering the blood biochemical and mineral milieu in cows. Hence this experiment was conducted in RFM affected and normally calved (NC) buffaloes by inducing estrus with CIDR plus PGF2&alpha; protocol to study the blood biochemical and mineral profiles and to correlate them with fertility rate.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Buffaloes (n=64) at 45-60 days postpartum including 32 treated for RFM and 32 NC from field were equally divided into groups I and II and groups III and IV, respectively. Buffaloes of groups I and III were initially dewormed and administered 35-50 g mineral mixture daily orally for 15 days in the concentrate feed. Then, buffaloes of all the groups were treated with CIDR plus PGF2&alpha;. After CIDR removal, all the buffaloes were artificially inseminated twice at 48 and 72 hrs. Blood was collected during different stages of treatment from all the buffaloes to assess the blood biochemical and mineral status. The animals returned to estrus following FTAI were again inseminated during subsequent estrus. Pregnancy diagnosis was done at 60 days post-AI and conception rates for induced estrus and overall of two cycles were calculated. 
 
Result: In all the groups, blood glucose, total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol and phosphorus levels increased from the time of selection to 10 days post-AI. There was an altered calcium phosphorus ratio in RFM affected buffaloes (1:1) at the time of selection. CIDR plus PGF2&alpha; protocol influenced the blood biochemical constituents and brought the calcium and phosphorus ratio as 2:1 and improved the fertility in riverine buffaloes. The overall conception rate was 62.50, 37.50, 87.50 and 75.00 per cent, in group I, II, III and IV buffaloes, respectively.</div>

<div>Effect of Estrus Induction on Blood Biochemical and Mineral Profiles and Fertility Rate in Retained Fetal Membranes Affected and Normally Calved Riverine Buffaloes</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was conducted in 20 growing female Mehsana buffalo calves to study the effect of feeding cotton seed cake with the objective to increase growth and blood biochemical profile. Mehsana buffalo calves of 3-6 months of age were randomly divided in two groups on the basis of body weight and age. &nbsp;Group I was control (T1) fed Banasdan (concentrate mixture) whereas, group II (T2) was fed with cottonseed cake @ 700g, 850g and 960g for 1st, 2nd and 3rd month of treatment, respectively in addition to concentrate feed. Both the groups fed green fodder @ 3kg and dry fodder @ 1kg per day throughout the experiment. Body weights of individual calves were recorded at the commencement of the experiment and followed by monthly interval. Blood- biochemical constituents were recorded on day 1 and thereafter on day 90 of experiment period to analyze the changes in blood constituents in T1 and T2 groups. Average daily body weight gain of calves during the experimental period was higher (P&lt;0.01) in T2 group as compared to T1 group. The serum glucose level was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in T1 group than T2 on day 90. The values of serum cholesterol, protein, globulin, ALP, SGOT and SGPT concentration were also significantly (P &lt; 0.01) higher in T2 group than T1 on day 90. However, the differences for serum albumin, A/G ratio, calcium and phosphorus on day 90 were found to be non-significant whereas metabolic hormone level T3 and T4 were significantly (P &lt; 0.01) higher in T2 than T1 &nbsp; on day 90. The results are indicative of supplementation of cotton seed cake in addition to Banasdan accelerated the growth, blood biochemical parameters and hormonal levels.&nbsp;</div>

Effect of feeding cotton seed cake (CSC) on growth performance and blood biochemical profile in Mehsana buffalo calves

Background: Metabolic processes involve set of chemical reactions that occur in the cells of living organisms to sustain life and allow living organisms to maintain their structure and response to the surrounding environment. With increase in industrilisation and urbanisation heavy metal pollution is becoming a global problem. Plant growth and metabolism naturally affected by heavy metals, although they are required in various metabolic reactions and that is why there is need to study their role and impact on biochemical parameters in heavy metal stressed crop. 
 
Method: The experiments were carried out during 2019-2020 under laboratory condition. In the present study biochemical constituents of moth (Phaseolus aconitifolius) Jacq. Cv. RMO-225, seedlings were studied under certain heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cd) concentrations 25 ppm-1000 ppm. These concentrations significantly affected biochemical constituents e.g. soluble sugar, starch, phenol and protein content. 
 
Result: In the present investigation total sugar and starch content increased at lower concentrations (10-50 ppm concentration) almost in all the treatments except cadmium. However with increase in the concentration (500-100 ppm) total content of both markedly reduced, In cadmium, starch content reduce gradually from 10-1000 ppm concentration. Phenol content also increased at 10-100 ppm concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni and decreased at higher concentrations. Protein content sharply decline in all the treatments of cadmium, however in lower concentration of all heavy metals treatments protein content increased and decreased at higher concentrations (200-500 ppm). Cadmium was found to be most toxic in all respect in present study.

Effect of Different Chickpea Genotypes and Its Biochemical Constituents on Biological Attributes of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)

Comparative Analysis of Biochemical Constituents between Ovarian Follicular Fluid and Serum in Ganjam Goat (Capra hircus)

Correlation of Certain Biochemical Constituents of Seminal Plasma with Semen Characteristics in Pantja Buck

Effects of Clomiphene Citrate (CC) and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) on hormonal profile, serum biochemical constituents, and oxidative stress in pre-pubertal Sahiwal heifers

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Lauric Acid on Blood Biochemical Constituents, Nutrient Retention and Gut Microflora Count in Commercial Broilers

Effect of replacing inorganic zinc with a lower level of organic zinc (zinc propionate) on performance, biochemical constituents, antioxidant, immune and mineral status in buffalo calves

The role of Echinacea extract to protect the damage effects of gamma radiation on some biochemical constituents in male albino rats

Effect of Estrus Induction on Blood Biochemical and Mineral Profiles and Fertility Rate in Retained Fetal Membranes Affected and Normally Calved Riverine Buffaloes

Effect of feeding cotton seed cake (CSC) on growth performance and blood biochemical profile in Mehsana buffalo calves

Evaluation of Biochemical Parameters in Heavy Metals Stressed Crop Phaseolus aconitifolius Cv. RMO 225