<div><strong>Background:</strong> Among life-threatening infections of small ruminants (sheep/goat), enterotoxaemia has vital importance. This disease is caused by certain serotype of <em>Clostridium perfringens</em> and commonly known as pulpy kidney or overeating infection. The current study was carried out to determine the prevalence of <em>C. perfringens</em> in small ruminants in different zones (Kalat, Mangochar, Johan, and Gazg) of district Kalat, Balochistan.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Fecal samples (n=100) were collected aseptically, from rectum of enterotoxaemia suspected animals. The samples were cultured in Reinforced Clostridial Media (RCM). Biochemically identified isolates were further confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR).&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Overall prevalence of <em>C. perfringens</em> was noticed 48%, with higher occurrence rate (p &lt; 0.01) in sheep (60%) than goat (36%). Among fifty samples of each specie, 30 and 18 isolates recovered from sheep and goat respectively. The area wise analysis showed that, in goats, the highest prevalence was found in Kalat (50%) followed by the Mangochar (38.46%), Johan (30.77%) and Gazg (25%). The statistical analysis revealed the significant differences (p &lt; 0.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) 18.80-68.91) in C. perfringens prevalence in various areas of Kalat district. The results of the gender-wise prevalence of C. perfringens exhibited a numerically higher (p&gt;0.05; 95% CI 9.23-49.02) prevalence in female goats (40%) than male goats (32%). Whereas, the age-wise analysis indicated that, in &lt; 1 year age group (44.44%), the prevalence of C. perfringens was higher (p&lt;0.05; 95% CI 8.00-57.89) than &gt;1 but &lt;2 years&nbsp; (29.41%) and &sup3; 2-year (33.33%) age groups. Similarly, in sheep, the highest prevalence (p&lt;0.05) was found in Kalat (76.92%) followed by Mangochar (66.67%), Johan (58.33%) and Gazg (38.46%). The age wise and gender-wise differences (p&lt;0.05) were also observed in various age and gender groups of sheep similar to goat. Among 30 sheep isolates of <em>C. perfringens</em>, a highest number (28 isolates) showed resistance against amikacin, followed by amoxicillin/penicillin (25 isolates) and colistin sulphate (22 isolates); while among 18 isolates of goat 17 were found resistant against colistin sulphate and 16 were resistant against amoxicillin and amikacin. In conclusion enterotoxaemia is prevailing in small ruminants of district Kalat, Balochistan thus mass scale vaccination campaign should be carried out to prevent losses.</div>


<p>Prevalence and Antibiogram of <em>Clostridium perfringens</em> in Small Ruminants of District Kalat, Balochistan</p>


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<div style="text-align:left"><strong>Background:</strong> <em>Parastromateus niger</em>, is one of the important fish species from economic point of view in Gwadar, Balochistan-Pakistan. This study was carried out to determine the growth and fecundity of <em>Parastromateus niger</em>.</div>

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<strong>Methods:</strong> Growth of <em>P. niger</em> was determined by applying Le Cren formula while mean fecundity and relative fecundity of this fish was calculated by using equation of Yelden and Avsar.</div>

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<strong>Result:</strong> Relationship between fish weight and ovary weight was found as 0.384 and 0.898 respectively in 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> year of research. Annual mean fecundity of <em>P. niger</em> was calculated as 43165.4 eggs with relative fecundity of 73.7 in 2017-18 and annual mean fecundity in 2018-19 was 39759.5 eggs with 50.2 relative fecundity. Value of R<sup>2</sup> in first year of research between fecundity and ovary weight was 0.751, for mean fecundity and relative fecundity was 0.545, in term of fecundity and total length of fish was 0.60 and for fish total weight and fecundity was 0.596. Value of R<sup>2</sup> between fecundity and weight of ovary was 0.951, with mean fecundity and relative fecundity as 0.968, between fish fecundity and total length was 0.578 and in case of fecundity and total body weight was found 0.809 in second year of research period.</div>
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Prevalence and Antibiogram of Clostridium perfringens in Small Ruminants of District Kalat, Balochistan

Length-weight Relationship and Fecundity of Parastromateus niger from Gwadar Port Balochistan Province, Pakistan